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갈등적응효과로 살펴본 인지적 통제의 연령차

Age Differences in Cognitive Control Measured by Conflict Adaptation Effects

박영신|김초복|박현진
한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 (The Korean Society For Developmental Psychology)|2015.09|한국심리학회지: 발달 (THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY)|제28권 제3호|pp. 171-187

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키워드

인지적 통제스트룹 과제갈등적응효과Cognitive controlConflict adaptationThe Stroop task
주제분류심리과학

초록

인지적 통제의 연령차를 살펴보기 위해 7～12세 아동 49명, 성인 37명에게 컴퓨터 버전의 스트룹 과제를 실시하고 인지적 통제과정의 전반적인 측면을 측정하는 스트룹 효과와 인지적 통제과정 중 조절기능을 선택적으로 측정하는 갈등적응효과를 분석하였다. 첫째, 아동들은 정확률과 반응시간에서 성인보다 큰 스트룹 효과를 보였으나 연령에 따른 반응시간의 차이를 통제한 반응시간 백분율에서는 성인과 같은 스트룹 효과를 보였다. 둘째, 아동들은 정확률, 반응시간, 반응시간 백분율에서 갈등적응효과를 보이지 않았고 성인은 반응시간과 반응시간 백분율에서 갈등적응효과를 보였다. 셋째, 갈등적응을 일치적응과 불일치적응으로 구분하여 분석하였을 때 성인은 일치적응효과와 불일치적응효과를 모두 보인데 반해 아동은 일치적응효과를 보였으나 불일치적응효과는 보이지 않았다. 아동들도 더 나은 수행을 위해 목표에 맞는 반응을 촉진하는 인지적 통제는 성인수준으로 보였으나 목표에 방해되는 반응을 억제하는 인지적 통제는 성인에서만 나타났다.

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate age differences in cognitive control. Participants were 49 7- to 12-year-old children and 37 adults, who performed a computerized Stroop task. Stroop effects and conflict adaptation effects were calculated. First, children showed larger Stroop effects than did adults for error rates and reaction times, whereas the two groups showed similar levels of Stroop effects for the percentage of reaction times. Second, children didn't show conflict adaptation effects for errors, reaction times and the percentage of reaction times, whereas adults showed conflict adaptation effects for reaction times and the percentage of reaction times. Third, two types of conflict adaptation effects were analyzed separately. Children and adults displayed a similar level of congruent adaptation effect, whereas only adults showed an incongruent adaptation effect. Even in children, cognitive control, which facilitates a goal-relevant response for better performance, reached adult levels, but the cognitive control that inhibits goal-irrelevant response was present only in adults.

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