만 4-5세 아동의 문장 처리 능력에서 순행 통제의 역할 탐색
Exploring the role of proactive control in 4-5-year-old children’s sentence processing ability
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언어 처리 능력 발달에서는 실행기능의 하위 요인인 인지적 유연성과 순행 통제의 발달이 주요한 역할을 할 가능성이 최근 연구에서 제기되었다. 특히, 수반 자극 과제에서 도출된 순차적 일치 효과를 통해 이러한 양상이 보고되어 왔다. 순행 통제는 목표와 관련된 정보를 자발적으로 유지하는 능력으로 목표 탐지 능력이 그 핵심이며, 언어 유창성 과제를 통하여 이를 직접적으로 측정하여 왔다. 본 연구에서는 기존 연구를 확장하여 만 4-5세 아동의 언어 처리 능력, 실행 기능의 억제, 인지적 유연성 및 작업 기억과 더불어, 언어 유창성 과제를 이용하여 순행 통제 능력도 측정하여 이들 간의 관련성을 재검토하고, 언어 처리에서 순행 통제의 고유한 역할을 탐색하고자 하였다. 또한 어휘력을 통제하지 못했던 선행연구의 한계점을 보완하여 어휘력을 추가로 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 수반 자극 과제의 순차적 일치 효과는 어휘력, 연령, 작업 기억 수준 및 인지적, 행동적 억제 능력을 통제하였을 때 문장 처리 능력을 예측하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 언어 유창성 과제의 측정치에서는 이러한 관계가 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 문장 처리에서 인지적 유연성의 역할이 중요함을 추가적으로 지지하며 이 시기 아동을 대상으로 언어 유창성 과제를 이용하여 순행 통제를 측정하는 것에 한계가 있음을 시사한다.
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility and proactive control have been considered to play important roles in the sentence processing abilities of preschoolers. In particular, sequential congruency effect measured from a flanker task not only reflects flexible thinking but also taps into proactive control to spontaneously monitor and maintain upcoming goals. The present study attempted to extend prior findings by examining whether proactive control is also an underlying ability that affects 4-5-year-old children’s sentence processing. To examine this, a sentence act-out task, Receptive Expressive Vocabulary Test - Receptive, a verbal fluency task, a go/no-go task, a Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task, an auditory working memory task, and a flanker task were administered to 4-5-year-olds. The results demonstrated that sequential congruency effect is indeed a significant predictor of the sentence processing ability after child’s age, vocabulary, working memory, and inhibitory ability are controlled for. However, no direct relationship was observed between proactive control and sentence processing measures. The potential role of proactive control is discussed in light of limitations in using a verbal fluency task for its measurement among preschoolers.
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