마음이론과 도덕 판단에서 나타난 부작용 효과
The Side-Effect Effect in Theory of Mind and Moral Judgment
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부작용 효과(side-effect effect)는 도덕적으로 나쁜 행위에 대해서 의도가 있었다고 추론하지만 도덕적으로 좋은 행위에 대해서는 의도를 추론하지 않는 경향성을 지칭한다. 본 연구에서는 5개의 실험을 통해 부작용 효과가 한국 아동과 성인에게서도 나타나는지를 밝혀보고자 하였다. 실험1-3에서는 다른 사람을 화나게 하는 상황과 기쁘게 하는 상황을 제시하며 그 행위가 의도적이었는지를 판단하게 하였다. 이 실험들에서는 아동뿐만 아니라 대학생들도 화나게 하는 상황이나 기쁘게 하는 상황에서 모두 그 행위가 의도적이라고 판단하지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 4세 아동들에게서도 부작용 효과를 발견하였던 Leslie, Knobe와 Cohen(2006)의 결과와 대비된다. 특히, 대학생들에게서도 부작용 효과가 나타나지 않았다는 사실은 이 효과에 대해 교차 문화적 관점으로 검토할 필요성을 제기해 주었다. 실험4와 실험5에서는 이전 실험들과 달리, 환경에 해가 되는 이야기와 환경에 도움이 되는 이야기를 사용하여 부작용 효과를 재접근하였다. 실험4와 5에서는 의도 추론에서의 비대칭성이 발견되었다. 성인들(실험4)과 5세 아동들(실험5) 모두 환경에 도움이 되는 상황보다 해가 되는 상황에서는 주인공 행동의 의도를 더 많이 추론하는 부작용 효과를 보여주었던 것이다. 이러한 결과는 부작용 효과의 문화 보편성을 보여준다 하겠다. 하지만, 부작용 효과가 이야기 내용에 따라 다르게 나타난 점은 이 효과와 관련된 문화 특수성을 고려할 가능성을 시사해 준다.
Abstract
The side-effect effect refers the tendency that subjects regard morally bad side effects as intentional and morally good side effects as unintentional. We conducted 5 experiments to examine whether Korean adults as well as children showed the side-effect effect. Experiment 1, 2, and 3 used 6 stories, half of which made another person happy as the side effect (i.e., good condition) and half of which made another person sad as the side effect (i.e., bad condition). These are modified versions of stories used in Leslie, Knobe, and Cohen(2006). The results showed that the adults as well as children did not show the side-effect effect. They did not infer the protagonist's intention not only in the good condition but also in the bad condition. The experiment 4 and 5 were therefore conducted to confirm the findings from the previous experiments, using another type of stories originated by Knobe(2003, 2004). The subjects were randomly assigned to 4 conditions, such as the 'environmental harm/intention question' condition, the 'environmental harm/intentionally question' condition, 'environmental good/intention question' condition, and 'environmental good/intentionally question' condition. The side-effect effect was found in 5-year-old children as well as adults in these experiments. Most subjects said that the chairman brought about the side effect intentionally in the harm condition, but not in the help condition. Adults inferred the chairman's intention more frequently when being asked as the 'intentionally' question than the 'intention' question, whereas, the children did not show such difference. The results could be discussed in terms of the relation between theory of mind and deontic reasoning.
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