내재적∙친사회적 동기와 삶 만족도의 관계에서 그릿(Grit)과 친사회적 행동의 매개효과
On the Mediating Effects of Grit and Prosocial Behavior in the Relationship Between Intrinsic vs. Prosocial Motivation and Life Satisfaction
0
조회
0
다운로드
94
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 내재적·친사회적 동기가 삶 만족도를 예측하는지 확인하고, 그릿과 친사회적 행동의 매개효과가 나타나는지 구조방정식을 이용하여 검증해보고자 하였다. 20대 성인초기 남녀 443명을 대상으로 설문연구를 진행하였고, 그 중 연구 대상에 적합하고 성실하게 응답한 356명(남 153명, 여 203명)의 자료를 사용하였다. 검증 결과, 그릿은 내재적․친사회적 동기와 삶 만족도를 단순매개하였고, 친사회적 행동은 친사회적 동기와 삶 만족도의 관계만을 유의하게 매개하였다. 그릿과 친사회적 행동의 이중매개효과는 두 동기 유형에서 모두 유의하게 나타나 동기와 행동을 이어주는 그릿의 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 20대의 삶에 대한 만족도와 관련하여 개인 내적 동기와 친사회적 행동을 고려해야 할 필요성을 시사하며, 그릿을 통해 개인이 가진 동기 유형에 상관없이 친사회적 행동을 증진시킬 수 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 발달적 관점에서 20대의 삶 만족도를 증진시키기 위해 고려해야 할 점과, 주관적 안녕감을 예측하는 새로운 변인으로서 그릿의 중요성에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
Currently, young adults in their twenties in Korea are experiencing the highest ever unemployment rate. This makes it hard for them to maintain social relationships, leading to lower life satisfaction. The current investigation explored the mediating effects of grit and prosocial behavior on the relationship between two types of motivation(intrinsic and prosocial motivation) and life satisfaction. A total of 356 adults in age range of 20-29 years participated in this study. While grit was a significant mediator regardless of motivation types, prosocial behavior was significant only for the relationship between prosocial motivation and life satisfaction. In the analyses of serial multiple mediation of grit and prosocial behavior, an indirect effect was observed. Grit underpinned the connection between motivation and behavior, which led to satisfaction. Across different developmental stages, intrinsic, prosocial motivation and prosocial behavior were suggested as unique variables that should be considered in improving young adults’ life satisfaction. Moreover, grit enhances life satisfaction by increasing prosocial behavior among people in their twenties, regardless of motivation type.
참고문헌 (100)
- 김정은, "한국판 삼원 그릿 척도(Triarchic Model of Grit Scale) 타당화 연구", 2017년 한국발달심리학회 추계학술발표대회 (2017)
- 박선의, "어머니의 양육스트레스와 자녀웰빙과의 구조적 관계- 행복감, 성장마인드셋, 그릿 및 희망의 영향", 박사, pp.2016
- 이수경, "성인 초기의 성장 마인드셋, 고정 마인드셋과 그릿(Grit)의 관계: 회복탄력성의 매개효과", 석사, pp.2016
- 이수란, "무엇이 뛰어난 학업성취를 예측하는가? -신중하게 계획된 연습과 투지(Grit)", 한국심리학회지:학교, 10(3), pp.349~366 (2013), 한국심리학회산하학교심리학회
- 이정림, "통제소재, 마인드셋, 그릿, 학업성취 간의 구조적 관계 분석", 청소년학연구, 23(11), pp.245~264 (2016), 한국청소년학회[DOI]
- 이혜원, "예비유아교사의 그릿 군집유형에 따른 성격 5요인과 자기효능감의 차이", 유아교육연구, 37(3), pp.249~268 (2017), 한국유아교육학회[DOI]
- 장미애, "대학생의 애착회피와 삶의 만족도의 관계: 회피-분산적 정서조절양식, 정서표현 양가성의 매개효과", 상담학연구, 16(2), pp.273~292 (2015), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 장휘숙, "성인초기의 발달과업과 행복의 관계", 한국심리학회지: 발달, 22(1), pp.19~36 (2009), 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회
- 정우희, "진로소명이 대학생들의 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향: 사회적 지지와 계획된 우연기술의 매개효과", 청소년학연구, 24(2), pp.445~472 (2017), 한국청소년학회[DOI]
- 통계청, "고용동향", ~ (2017)
- 한국지역정보개발원, "대한민국 신인류로 등장한"나홀로족"", 지역정보화, 98(0), pp.118~119 (2016)
- Aknin, L. B., "Prosocial spending and well-being : Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), pp.635~ (2013)
- Aknin, L. B., "From wealth to well-being? Money matters, but less than people think", The Journal of positive psychology, 4(6), pp.523~527 (2009)
- Akos, P., "Investigating Grit at a Non-Cognitive Predictor of College Success", The Review of Higher Education, 40(2), pp.163~186 (2017)
- Batson, C. D., "Prosocial motivation : Is it ever truly altruistic?", Advances in experimental social psychology, 20, pp.65~122 (1987)
- Batson, C. D., "Is empathic emotion a source of altruistic motivation?", Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 40(2), pp.290~ (1981)
- Batson, C. D., "Current status of the empathy-altruism hypothesis" (1991), Sage Publications
- Batson, C. D., "Handbook of psychology" (2003)
- Bennett, S., "To act or not to act, that is the question? Barriers and facilitators of bystander intervention", Journal of interpersonal violence, 29(3), pp.476~496 (2014)
- Berg, J. M., "When callings are calling : Crafting work and leisure in pursuit of unanswered occupational callings", Organization Science, 21(5), pp.973~994 (2010)
- Berndt, T. J., "Friendship quality and social development", Current directions in psychological science, 11(1), pp.7~10 (2002)
- Binder M, "An examination of the dynamics of well-being and life events using vector autoregressions", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76, pp.352~371 (2010)
- Borman, W. C., "Personnel Selection in Organizations", pp.71~ (1993), Jossey-Bass
- Browne, M. W., "Alternative ways of assessing model fit", Sage focus editions, 154, pp.136~136 (1993)
- Byrne, B. M., "Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming" (2013), Psychology Press
- Campbell, A., "The quality of American life" (1976), Russell Sage
- Cantor, N., "Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology", pp.230~ (2003)
- Caprara, G. V., "Self–efficacy beliefs as determinants of prosocial behavior conducive to life satisfaction across ages", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), pp.191~217 (2005)
- Carli, M., "Optimal Experience:Psychological studies of flow in consciousness", pp.288~306 (1988), Cambridge University Press
- Changlek, A., "Motivation and Grit : Predictors of language learning achievement. International Humanities", Social Sciences and Arts, 8(4), pp.23~36 (2015)
- Crist-Houran, M., "Efficacy of volunteerism for role-loss depression : a complement to Weinstein, et al", Psychological reports, 79(3), pp.736~738 (1996)
- Datu, J. A. D., "Perseverance counts but consistency does not! Validating the short grit scale in a collectivist setting", Current Psychology, 35(1), pp.121~130 (2016)
- Datu, J. A. D., "Development and validation of the Triarchic Model of Grit Scale(TMGS) : Evidence from Filipino undergraduate students", Personality and Individual Differences, 114, pp.198~205 (2017)
- Deci, E. L., "The general causality orientations scale : Self-determination in personality", Journal of research in personality, 19(2), pp.109~134 (1985)
- Deci, E. L., "Self-determination theory : A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health", Canadian psychology, 2008, pp.49(3), 182~
- De Dreu, C. K., "Selfinterest and other-orientation in organizational behavior : implications for job performance, prosocial behavior, and personal initiative", Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), pp.913~ (2009)
- De Neve, J. E., "Estimating the influence of life satisfaction and positive affect on later income using sibling fixed effects", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(49), pp.19953~19958 (2012)
- Denham, S. A., ""Plays nice with others" : Social-emotional learning and academic success", Early Education and Development, 21(5), pp.652~680 (2010)
- Ed Diener, "Subjective well-being.", Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), pp.542~575 (1984), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
- Diener, E., "The satisfaction with life scale", Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, pp.71~75 (1985)
- Diener, E., "Very happy people", Psychological science, 13(1), pp.81~84 (2002)
- DiTella, R., "Preferences over inflation and unemployment : Evidence from surveys of happiness", The American Economic Review, 91(1), pp.335~341 (2001)
- Duckworth, A., "Grit : The power of passion and perseverance" (2016), Simon and Schuster
- Duckworth, A., "Self-control and grit : Related but separable determinants of success", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), pp.319~325 (2014)
- Duckworth, A. L., "Grit : perseverance and passion for long-term goals", Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), pp.1087~ (2007)
- Duckworth, A. L., "Positive predictors of teacher effectiveness", The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), pp.540~547 (2009)
- Dyer,W.G., "Cultural change in family firms" (1986), Jossey-Bass
- Eisenberg, N., "Age changes in prosocial responding and moral reasoning in adolescence and early adulthood", Journal of research on adolescence, 15(3), pp.235~260 (2005)
- Erikson, E. H., "Childhood and Society" (1963), W. W. Norton
- Eskreis-Winkler, L., "The grit effect : Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage", Frontiers in psychology, 5, pp.36~ (2014)
- Ferguson, E., "Blood donation is an act of benevolence rather than altruism", Health Psychology, 27(3), pp.327~ (2008)
- Fischer P., "The bystander-effect : A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies", Psychological Bulletin, 137, pp.517~537 (2011)
- Fleeson, W., "Character : The Prospects for a Personality‐Based Perspective on Morality", Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(4), pp.178~191 (2014)
- Fowler, J. H., "Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study", Bmj, 337, pp.a2338~ (2008)
- Gagné, M., "The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in the engagement of prosocial behavior", Motivation and Emotion, 27, pp.199~223 (2003)
- Grant, A. M., "Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity", Journal of applied psychology, 93(1), pp.48~ (2008)
- Grant, A. M., "Prosocial motivation at work: When, why, and how making a difference makes a difference" (2012), Oxford University Press
- Gundelach, P., "Happiness and life satisfaction in advanced European countries", Cross-cultural research, 38(4), pp.359~386 (2004)
- Havighurst, R. J., "Social and psychological needs of the aging", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 279(1), pp.11~17 (1952)
- "The Nitty Gritty: The Unexplored Role of Grit and Perseverance in Voter Turnout" (2016)[URL]
- "True Grit: The Development of Students’Engagement in School, Community, and Democracy" (2016)[URL]
- Hu, L. T., "Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives", Structural equation modeling : a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), pp.1~55 (1999)
- Jin, B., "Grit, Basic Needs Satisfaction, and Subjective Well-Being", Journal of Individual Differences, 38, pp.29~35 (2017)
- Kehr, H. M., "Integrating implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities : The compensatory model of work motivation and volition", Academy of management review, 29(3), pp.479~499 (2004)
- Kline, R. B., "Principles and practice of structural equation modeling" (2011), The Guilford Press
- Koestner, R., "Autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and goal progress", Journal of personality, 76(5), pp.1201~1230 (2008)
- Lachapelle, Y., "The relationship between quality of life and selfdetermination : an international study", Journal of intellectual disability research, 49(10), pp.740~744 (2005)
- Latané B., "Ten years of research on group size and helping", Psychological Bulletin, 89, pp.308~324 (1981)
- McKnight, P. E., "Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being : an integrative, testable theory", Review of General Psychology, 13(3), pp.242~ (2009)
- Nielson, M. G., "How do men and women help? Validation of a multidimensional measure of prosocial behavior", Journal of Adolescence, 56, pp.91~106 (2017)
- Niemiec, C. P., "Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom : Applying self-determination theory to educational practice", School Field, 7(2), pp.133~144 (2009)
- Pelletier, L. G., "Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence : A prospective study", Motivation and emotion, 25(4), pp.279~306 (2001)
- Penner, L. A., "Prosocial behavior : Multilevel perspectives", Annual Review of Psychology, 56, pp.365~392 (2005)
- Pennings, S. M., "The impact of grit on the relationship between hopelessness and suicidality", International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8(2), pp.130~142 (2015)
- Peterson, C., "Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction : The full life versus the empty life", Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), pp.25~41 (2005)
- Piferi, R. L., "Giving to others during national tragedy : The effects of altruistic and egoistic motivations on long-term giving", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(1), pp.171~184 (2006)
- Ryan, R. M., "Perceived locus of causality and internalization : examining reasons for acting in two domains", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), pp.749~ (1989)
- Ryan, R. M., "Selfdetermination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being", American Psychologist, 55(1), pp.68~ (2000)
- Ryan, R. M., "On happiness and human potentials : A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being", Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), pp.141~166 (2001)
- Ryan, R. M., "Living well : A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia", Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, pp.139~170 (2008)
- Salles, A., "The relationship between grit and resident well-being", The American Journal of Surgery, 207(2), pp.251~254 (2014)
- Scharneck, L., "The mediating effect of self-determined motivation in student-athlete perceptions of coaching behaviors and its effect on grit and mental toughness", Master, pp.2017
- Schmidt, F. T., "Measuring Grit", European Journal of Psychological Assessment (2017)
- Silva, M. N., "Exercise autonomous motivation predicts 3-yr weight loss in women", Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(4), pp.728~737 (2011)
- Singh, K., "Positive and negative affect, and grit as predictors of happiness and life satisfaction", Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(2), pp.40~45 (2008)
- Snyder, M., "Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes", pp.365~393 (2000)
- Stevens, J. P., "Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences" (1992), Erlbaum
- Suh, E., "Emotion norms, value, familiarity, and subjective well-being: Across-cultural examination", M.A, pp.1994
- Walker, C. O., "Identification with academics, intrinsic", extrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement, 2006, pp.16(1), 1~12
- Weinstein, N., "When helping helps : autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient", Journal of personality and social psychology, 98(2), pp.222~ (2010)
- Wenner, J. R., "Predictors of prosocial behavior : Differences in middle aged and older adults", Personality and Individual Differences, 101, pp.322~326 (2016)
- Wentzel, K. R., "Does being good make the grade? Social behavior and academic competence in middle school", Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(2), pp.357~ (1993)
- Wheeler, J. A., "The beneficial effects of volunteering for older volunteers and the people they serve : A meta-analysis", The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47(1), pp.69~79 (1998)
- Vakil, R. H., "Running and Grit (Capstone research project)" (2014), Bryant University
- Vallerand, R. J., "Intrinsic, extrinsic and amotivational styles as predictors of behavior : A prosepective study", Journal of personality, 60(3), pp.599~620 (1992)
- Van Lange, P. A., "The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes : An integrative model of social value orientation", Journal of personality and social psychology, 77(2), pp.337~ (1999)
- Vansteenkiste, M., "Capabilities and happiness", pp.187~223 (2008), Oxford University Press
- Veenhoven, R., "Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective", pp.7~26 (1991), Pergamon
- von Borgstede, C., "Pro-environmental behaviour: Situational barriers and concern for the good at stake", Göteborg Psychological Reports, 32(1) (2002)
- Von Culin, K. R., "Unpacking grit : Motivational correlates of perseverance and passion for long-term goals", The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), pp.306~312 (2014)
