Where Are Left-peripheral, Parenthetical, and Afterthought Adverbs Placed in Syntax?
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This paper is a detailed investigation of where left-peripheral, parenthetical, and afterthought adverbs should be placed in narrow syntax. It is shown that left-peripheral, parenthetical, and afterthought adverbs are not fully integrated into the structure of the clause in which they occur in narrow syntax. Apparently they may behave like hanging adjuncts. Accordingly, they are not sensitive to any of the syntactic effects like Principle C effects, VP ellipsis, wh-island condition, and subject-verb inversion. Rather, they are assumed to be concatenated without label in the sense of Hornstein and Nunes (2006). On this assumption, it ensues that those adverbs are not dominated by any labeled node and hence they have no hierarchical relation to the clause in which they appear in narrow syntax. This way of looking at those adverbs is suitable to account for not only the well-known substantial distributional freedom but also the availability of ambiguous readings regardless of their placement in a clause.
Abstract
This paper is a detailed investigation of where left-peripheral, parenthetical, and afterthought adverbs should be placed in narrow syntax. It is shown that left-peripheral, parenthetical, and afterthought adverbs are not fully integrated into the structure of the clause in which they occur in narrow syntax. Apparently they may behave like hanging adjuncts. Accordingly, they are not sensitive to any of the syntactic effects like Principle C effects, VP ellipsis, wh-island condition, and subject-verb inversion. Rather, they are assumed to be concatenated without label in the sense of Hornstein and Nunes (2006). On this assumption, it ensues that those adverbs are not dominated by any labeled node and hence they have no hierarchical relation to the clause in which they appear in narrow syntax. This way of looking at those adverbs is suitable to account for not only the well-known substantial distributional freedom but also the availability of ambiguous readings regardless of their placement in a clause.
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