중국 조선족 농촌 집거구 해체 현상 연구 - 흑룡강성 밀산시를 중심으로

Abstract

After the Chinese government (PRC) enacted economic and political reforms and opened up, the ROK and the PRC established diplomatic relations and globalization has taken off. Against this backdrop, the Korean ethnic community of China have experienced many crises and opportunities. By being free to migrate to the large cities of China, many Korean-Chinese have seen opportunities to enter mainstream society while at the same time the ethnic Korean villages have seen their populations drop to the point of presenting a crisis for the integrity of the ethnic community. The communities in much less densely populated regions have seen members leave on a grand scale, accelerating the breakdown of distinct Korean communities and the closure of Korean schools, precipitating an identity crisis. The three provinces of Northeast China had designated autonomous ethnic villages, but only the title of Korean remains in most of these villages where ethnic Koreans often comprise only a minority. This research examines a prefecture-level city, Mìshān, in the most remote of the three Northeast provinces, Hēilóngjiāng, seeking to illuminate the collapse of the Korean ethnic villages. To analyze the phenomenon, data on population shifts from 1980 to 2011 have been analyzed. The mergers and abolitions of autonomous ethnic villages and problems with land inheritance, brought about by mass out-migrations, are studied as well. The results of this research on Mìshān show that after various mergers and abolitions of autonomous ethnic villages, 17 out of an original 31 remain. Of the Korean-Chinese of Manchuria, 93 percent have ceased farming to migrate to other regions. In Mìshān, 85 percent have left for the large cities of China or have gone overseas. Chinese citizens of other ethnicites from other hometowns make up 497 households, or 33.6 percent of the population. In this way, the Korean-Chinese schools have dropped from 33 to 2 with a population of 432 out of an earlier 4,189. To solve this pressing problem, individual villagers are entrusting their land to villagers' committees instead of relying on individual ownership and inheritance. Large scale agricultural joint ventures are now doing the farming. To this end, the cadre of the autonomous ethnic villages are involved and the research concludes that these Korean-Chinese cadre, especially the local deputy secretaries and chiefs of the villagers' committees, play the leading role.