전통시대 중국 지리서에 나타난 고구려인식

Abstract

This article aims to examine how the chinese cognized to Goguryeo in the geographies of Chinese traditional dynasties not in the Korean traditional historical records. It seems that the Chinese apparently didn't cognize to the stages of Goguryeo as a dynasty with the governing authority and they also showed the confused cognitions about the pre-Goguryeo dynasty and the Goguryeo dynasty. The chineses records to the same age of Goguryeo corresponding to the age of Buk-Wi shows that they cognized to Goguryeo dynasty as an immense territorial dynasty and they had both the conflicting cognition and the view point which cognized Chinese as the core and Goguryeo as the branch by recording tribute custom from Goguryeo. In the historical records of Su and Dang Dynasties, most of them were filled with records about tribute custom from Goguryeo and their conquest events toward Goguryeo. That means they had the viewpoint rather of the antagonism than the concerns of the ways of lives of Goguryeo peoples. Chinese historical records were written by the view point that they were different from Goguryeo in relating to race and ethnical relations and cultural custom and legislation. On the other hand, historical records of Goguryeo shows that Goguryeo had the differentiated cognition that they were born as descendants of emperor in Heaven. In historical records of the late Dang dynasty and since Song dynasty, they show the differentiated cognition that Goguryeo were developed as the process of the independent growth and development and downfall compared with Chinese. And they recognized Goguryeo as the antagonizing dynasty for Dang and Song dynasties. Peoples of Song dynasty were seemed that they didn't know the ancient history of Korea before Goguryeo dynasty or they especially misunderstood some relating to Goguryeo dynasty. They showed the confused cognition that they misunderstood the Goguryeo as the Goryeo or the Silla as the Goryeo when they had described the histories of Goryeo dynasty. They understood differently that on the one hand, they regarded Goguryeo as the descendant of Buyeo, and as a uncultivated savage separated with chinese dynasty. On the other hand they described Goguryeo dynasty as the country that was taken the titles of court and books which recorded the lunar calendar from Chinese dynasties. It reveals that their cognition of Goguryeo were distorted more or less in the geographies of Won dynasty and they had ambiguously cognized in relating to the succession from the Goguryeo to the Goryeo dynasty. Especially in the ≪Yosa≫ and ≪Geumsa≫ written in Won dynasty, they intended to scale down the reign area of the Goguryeo in the Yo-dong area by expanding the reign area of Pre-chosun dynasty and Samhan into the Yo-dong area. In spite of that, it reveals that geographical records written in Won dynasty kept the same cognition revealed in geographies of Dang and Song dynasties by preserving facts that the Goguryeo had originated from Buyeo dynasty. But in passing over Myeong and Cheong dynasties, Chinese seemed to understand the korea as succeeding dynasties from Gija to Wiman, Hansagun, Samguk, Goryeo and Chosun dynasty. In geography written by Myeong dynasty, there were usually dealt with things of Chosun dynasty corresponding to Myeong dynasty. At the result, Goguryeo in geographies of Myeong dynasty was dealt poorly than geographies of Song and Won dynasties. In the part of historical geography of geographies Myeong dynasty, it usually dealt the fact that the Goguryeo occupied the area of Yodong after Jin dynasty. In geography written by Myeong dynasty, most of records focused on the Yodong area meant that Myeong dynasty had the increased interests of the Yodong area. In historical records written by Cheong dynasty, the chinese recognized that the Chosun dynasty was succeeded from the Goguryeo, Yemaek, Silla, Baekje and Okjeo dynasties. On the other hand, it appeared that they intended not to describe the existence and reign of the Goguryeo dynasty before the later-Han dynasty of ancient chinese dynasties. But in the table charted history, it revealed the Goguryeo as the root of Chosun dynasty. In various geographies dealt with the China's Northeast area, they were not dealt the Goguryeo's relation with beginning and development of that place. It shows that they intend to exclude influence of the Goguryeo dynasty over the Simyang area such as the rising place of the Manju but the Goguryeo had occupied previously that place before Cheong dynasty. Since the middle age of 19th century, the Cheong dynasty fought against the Great powers of West Europe, on the other hand, the Cheong dynasty reorganized to its structure into the central governmental system and tried to strengthen the control power over the internal area of the nation. Gradually the area of Manju was developed into the agricultural land and sources of mine fields. Many of regional geographies which dealt with history and civilization of the China's Northeast area were compiled. Some of them seemed to try to describe with historical evidences the past of that place, but most of them were focused to exclude the influence of Goguryeo dynasty on that area by not to describing the history of Goguryeo dynasty at that time or by separating history of the Balhae from the Goguryeo dynasty. On the other hand they were focused to explain the realistic geography and the existing states.