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H.D. 초기 시에 나타난 상징의 전복성과 새로운 여성의 글쓰기

Subverted Symbols and New Women’s Writing in H.D.’s Early Poetry

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This paper’s goal is to explore specific symbols and their meanings in H.D.’s early poetry and evaluate how she re-interprets or re-creates them in a subverted view of a woman. Consequently, I try to prove that the poet gropes what new women’s writing, that is, a feminine writing against male modernists in the new age of Modernism. For the analysis of subverted symbols, this paper delves into the poems of flower such as “Sea Rose,” “Sea Lily”, “Sea Poppies,” “Sea Violet” and “Sea Iris,” etc. and argues that each peculiar symbol which is not the same one traditionally established by the male writers can be interpreted as the poetic device to highlight the experience of women at her age, at the same time telling slantly the poet’s personal experience. H.D. translates it in her own way of perceiving the world according to the angle of a female artist. I conclude that the poet’s trial of subverting the conventional symbol system dominated by the male writers to find the form of new women’s writing makes us place her as a distinctive, nonconformist figure in the mainstream modernist poetry.

Abstract

This paper’s goal is to explore specific symbols and their meanings in H.D.’s early poetry and evaluate how she re-interprets or re-creates them in a subverted view of a woman. Consequently, I try to prove that the poet gropes what new women’s writing, that is, a feminine writing against male modernists in the new age of Modernism. For the analysis of subverted symbols, this paper delves into the poems of flower such as “Sea Rose,” “Sea Lily”, “Sea Poppies,” “Sea Violet” and “Sea Iris,” etc. and argues that each peculiar symbol which is not the same one traditionally established by the male writers can be interpreted as the poetic device to highlight the experience of women at her age, at the same time telling slantly the poet’s personal experience. H.D. translates it in her own way of perceiving the world according to the angle of a female artist. I conclude that the poet’s trial of subverting the conventional symbol system dominated by the male writers to find the form of new women’s writing makes us place her as a distinctive, nonconformist figure in the mainstream modernist poetry.

참고문헌 (19)

  1. Cooper, J. C., "An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols" (1979), Thames & Hudson
  2. Dekoven, Marianne, "The Cambridge Companion to Modernism", pp.212~231 (2011), Cambridge UP
  3. Emmitt, Helen V., "Forgotten Memories and Unheard Rhythms: H.D.’s Poetics as a Response to Male Modernism", Paideuma, 33(2, pp.3) (2004), 131~153
  4. Freedman, Ariela, "Gifts, Goods and Gods: H.D., Freud and Trauma", ESC, 29(3, pp.4) (2003), 184~199
  5. Friedman, Susan Stanford, "A New Direction Book" (2002)
  6. Friedman, Susan Stanford, "Who Buried H.D.?: A Poet, Her Critics, and Her Place in ‘The Literary Tradition’", College English, 36(7), pp.801~814 (1975)
  7. Gibbons, Kathryn Gibbs, "The Art of H.D.", The Mississippi Quarterly, 15(3), pp.152~160 (1962)
  8. Gill, Jo, "The Cambridge Companion to H.D", pp.77~92 (2012), Cambridge UP
  9. Gregory, Eileen, "Signets: Reading H.D.", pp.129~154 (1990), U of Wisconsin P
  10. "H.D. Collected Poems 1912-1944", New Directions, ~ (1983)
  11. Hickman, Miranda B, "The Cambridge Companion to H.D", pp.9~22 (2012), Cambridge UP
  12. Hollenberg, Donna Krolik, "The Poetics of Childbirth and Creativity" (1991), Northeastern UP
  13. Kusch, Celena E, "H.D.’s American Sea Garden: Drowning the Idyll Threat to US Modernism", Twentieth Century Literature, 56(1), pp.47~70 (2010)
  14. Mackay, Polina, "The Cambridge Companion to H.D", pp.51~62 (2012), Cambridge UP
  15. Robinson, Janice S, "The Life and Work of an American Poet" (1982), Houghton Mifflin Company
  16. Sievert, Heather Rosario, "H.D.: A Symbolist Perspective", Comparative Literature Studies, 16(1), pp.48~57 (1979)
  17. Taylor, Georgina, "H.D. and the Public Sphere of Modernist Women Writers 1913-1946" (1913), Oxford UP
  18. Tresidder, Jack, "The Complete Dictionary of Symbols" (2004), Chronicle Books
  19. Wheeler, Lesley, "Both Flower and Flower Gatherer: Medbh McGuckian’s The Flower Master and H.D.’s Sea Garden", Twentieth-Century Literature, 49(4), pp.494~519 (2003)

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