Historical Trajectory and Implementation Capacity of Korea’s Heritage ODA : Institutionalization and Strategic Transition toward New ODA Planning

Abstract

(Purpose): This study examines the historical development and policy significance of heritage official development assistance (ODA) in preparation for the 4th Comprehensive Strategy of International Development Cooperation (2026–2030). The first inclusion of “cultural heritage ODA” in the presidential policy pledges and national policy agenda under the 21st administration of the Republic of Korea underscores its growing strategic relevance. (Design/Methodology/Approach): Using a three-step analytical framework consisting of historical development, policy implementation capacity (assessed through an input-process-output-outcome [IPOO] framework), and future prospects, this study examines heritage ODA as an independent policy domain. (Findings): Heritage ODA has developed through three phases: formative phase prior to 2010, consolidation of core project types during the 2010s, and a phase of geographic and strategic expansion in the 2020s. Recent developments indicate a transition from quantitative growth to qualitative upgrade. The six strategic tasks announced by the Korea Heritage Service in 2023 have generated notable progress across the IPOO framework resulting in strengthened policy implementation. Since the mid-2000s the accumulated experience and specialization has led to an increase in international cooperation demand and recognition. For the expansion of heritage ODA, it is essential to diversify project types, clearly position the heritage–tourism relationship, acknowledge short-term constraints while recognizing the long-term potential of natural and mixed heritage ODA, establish the necessary preconditions for effective digital heritage ODA, sustain ODA contributions to international organizations, and pursue the establishment of a dedicated implementation body. Given that “heritage” has long term value within the 4th Comprehensive Strategy for international development cooperation, it should be recognized as an independent ODA domain, not as a component of “tourism resources”, nor as a subcategory or a parallel concept within the framework of “cultural ODA”. (Research Implications): This study offers a timely reassessment of the heritage ODA and provides foundational analytical insights for its inclusion and strategic positioning in the 4th Comprehensive Strategy, scheduled for announcement in early 2026.