불교적 고관(苦觀)의 추이와 의의
Transition and Significance of the Buddhist View of Suffering
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초록
삼법인과 사성제로 천명된 초기 불교의 고관은 고에 대한 기본 인식과 그 지향점을 제시한다. 즉 이 고관은 현실에 대한 냉철한 인식과 문제 해결의 방향을 제시하는 데 중점이 있다. 이로써 불교적 세계관과 인생관이 형성된다. 이는 고관의 형성 단계로 이해할 수 있다. 아비달마 불교에서는 고에 대한 분석적 통찰로써 고관을 체계적으로 정립하여, 기존 고관의 취지를 심화하는 데 중점을 두었다. 이는 고관의 심화 단계로 이해할 수 있다. 대승 불교에서는 이미 정립된 고관을 확장하고 응용하여, 중생 제도라는 자비의 실천으로 적용하는 데 중점을 두었다. 이는 고관의 사회적 적용 단계로 이해할 수 있다. 여기서는 특히 고(苦)인 생사가 곧 열반이라는 인식의 전환이 이루어진다. 이로써 ‘고’라는 현실은 열반을 추구하고 중생을 구제하려는 전제와 동기로 간주된다. 이처럼 대승 불교에 이르러 고관의 의의는 극대화되었다.
Abstract
Buddhism indicates the practical alternative for overcoming suffering, beginning from cognition on suffering and ending in having a thorough grasp of the suffering. It is also an intention of Buddhist sermon, which laid emphasis on thorough grasp of suffering at the start. Here I inquired into the Buddhist view of suffering as three stages as follows. The early Buddhist view of suffering is revealed clearly through the Three Seals of Truth and the Four Noble Truths. And also it shows general cognition on suffering and its aim to pursue. In other words, it attaches importance to look dispassionately at the realities, and gives direction for solving a problem. From this the Buddhistic view of the world and life is built up. So this can be regarded as the formative stage of the view of suffering. Scholars of Abhidharma Buddhism distinguished various sorts of suffering analytically, and systematized the view of suffering. Thus they attached importance to deepen the import of the existing view of suffering. So this can be regarded as the deepening stage of the view of suffering. Mahāyāna Buddhism mainly expanded the systematized view of suffering in the former stage and put it to practical use. In other words, it was momentously applied to have compassion on living things in order to save mankind. So this can be regarded as the stage of social application. In particular here the existing cognition of suffering is converted into Nirvāṇa or emancipation. In this case, life and death, which has been suffering is just regarded as Nirvāṇa. As a result of this, the realities called suffering are regarded as a premise and motive not only to pursue Nirvāṇa but also to save mankind. Thus significance of the view of suffering had been maximized up to Mahāyāna Buddhism.
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