아빠랄라 나가(Apalāla nāga) 이야기를 통해 본 불교 내러티브 연구
A Study on the Narrative of Apalāla in the Mūlasarvāstivādavinayabhaiṣajyavastu
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본고는 『근본설일체유부비나야약사(根本說一切有部毗奈耶藥事)』에 들어있는 아빠랄라나가(Apalāla nāga, 無稻稈龍王)의 기원에 대한 이야기를 다각적 분석을 통해서 이 이야기가 함유하고 있는 다양한 모습들을 보이고자 한다. 먼저 내용 분석을 통하여 이 이야기가 가지는 특성을 주목할 것이다. 불교 메시지의 효과적 전달을 위해 내러티브 속에서 고안된 다양한 도구 내지 설정들이 얼마나 풍부하고 다양한 함의를 내포하고 있는가를 살펴볼 것이다. 그리고 구조 분석을 통하여 이런 불교 설화가 가진 내용이나 구조가 어떻게 불교의 현지화 내지는 토착화에 기여할 수 있었는지에 대해 이해해 보고자 한다.
Abstract
This story of Apalāla nāga is significant in the sense that the characters shift their ethical position several times. From a literary viewpoint, this motif provides the means for an unlimited expansion of stories in which it is not necessary to make a distinction between the good and bad characters. In the same story, a character is designated as good, then at another time the same character is destined to be bad. From a doctrinal viewpoint, no distinction is made between good and bad among ordinary characters as long as they only pursue worldly profit in their lives. Their lives cannot but bring mixed results of good and bad karma, in contrast to the good karma of the Buddha, which led him to Buddhahood. This story is a good example of how the Mūlasarvāstivādin Vinaya re-organizes the story based on the Indian folk tradition in which nāga takes important roles. As Buddhism spread outside the boundaries of areas where the historical Buddha was originally believed to have lived, the Buddhists faced the dilemma. If sacred sites were primarily sanctified by the presence of the Buddha himself, did that mean that as the religion spread there were to be no easily accessible sacred places for the new believers? To cope with this problem, new Buddhist sacred sites were constructed in regions like Gandhara, which was far from Buddhism’s original seat. During this process of localizing sanctity, narratives were produced. The local Buddhist narratives reflect not only the localized sanctity of specific sites but also other aspects like socio-historical situations. This paper aims to show the diverse aspects of the Buddhist narrative by the structural analysis on the story of Apalāla in the Mūlasarvāstivādavinayabhaiṣajyavastu.
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