케냐 해안 지역민의 역사서사: 대안의 역사로서의 전설
Historical Narratives among Coast People in Kenya: Legend as Alternative History
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본 연구에서는 최근 케냐 해안 사회에서 회자되고 있는, 분리 독립 운동과 관련된 역사적 전설의 사회적 의미를 논의해보고자 한다. 케냐의 정치권력이 내륙 출신의 엘리트들에게 집중된 상황에서 해안과 내륙 간 지역 불균형은 심화되었고, 해안의 자원 배분에 있어 내륙 출신 이주민이 특혜를 누리는 사례가 이어지면서, 해안 지역민의 정치·경제·사회적 지위는 지속적으로 주변화 되어 갔다. 케냐 중앙정부에 대한 불만이 극에 달하면서, 자신들을 토박이 집단이라 생각하는 해안 지역민은 자치권을 요구하며 분리 독립을 지지하고 있다. 분리 독립 운동이 해안 지역의 주요 정치 이슈로 부상한 가운데, 케냐의 독립이 논의되던 시기, 내륙과 해안의 분리, 혹은 통합 문제를 두고 벌어진 논쟁의 역사가 새롭게 주목받고 있다. 현재 케냐 해안 사회에는 이 시기와 관련된 역사적 전설이 회자되면서 분리 독립에 대한 역사적 정당성을 내세우는 정치적 담론이 널리 유포되고 있는 것이다. 그러나 현재의 역사서사에는 과거 사실에 대한 왜곡과 조작이 나타난다. 사실에 근거하여 기술된 역사는 거부되고, 분리 독립의 명분을 제공하는 대안의 역사(alternative history)가 부상하고 있는 것이다. 기록된 역사에 왜곡과 조작을 가한 전설이 널리 받아들여질 수 있도록 하는 동력은 현재의 사회적 현실로부터 비롯된다. 본문에서는 케냐 해안의 역사를 분리 독립 운동을 중심으로 살펴본 후, 독립 직전의 분리 독립에 관한 역사적 전설이 현재의 사회적 맥락에서 어떻게 설명되고 있는지 고찰할 것이다.
Abstract
This study attempts to interpret the present social implications of historical legends about the political debate on coastal secession during the run-up to independence among coast people in Kenya. The coast people have been marginalised in terms of national politics and economy. They have suffered from poverty and have experienced that the distribution of coastal resources, such as land ownership, job opportunities and higher educational institutions, has been executed in favour of the up-country people whose elite members dominate the central government. Because ethnic exclusion has persisted in the coastal society, a movement for coastal secession has attracted popular support. Under this circumstance, the history of Kenya’s coast has emerged as a major issue. Historical narratives concerning the sovereignty of Kenya’s coast are bandied around among the coast people, legitimating their demand for secession and reinforcing their autochthony in the region. The creative process of myth-making is often carried out for the marginalised in order to offer alternative versions of history that give privileges their voices. The historical discourse in contemporary public discussions of the marginalised is constructed to empower their claims of political and economic rights in their homeland and to demonstrate the injustice of outsiders’ continuing exploitation. A thematic analysis of their historical narratives, therefore, is an attempt to articulate their generalised grievances and support for both the political and the social struggle. The focus of the discussion lies in examining how these historical legends legitimate the coast people’s autochthony and aspiration for higher political and economic status in post-independence Kenya.
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