중국서부의 문수신앙과 西夏 오대산의 개창

Abstract

This paper is to examine the belief of Manjuśri Bodhisattva begun from Dang dynasty that how it was flourished and developed in Tunhuang, Uigur and Xixià[西夏國]. At the time which was under the rule of Turfan some altar portrait of Manjuśri Bodhisattva[文殊變] was enshrined in Mogao Caves[莫高窟]. At the time of Wu Dai[五代] a large complete map of Mt. Wutai was established in the sixty first cave of Mogao of Tunhuang which was a base of Silk road culture and also a foundation of Manjuśri belief of Wutai mountain by Tunhuang residents. The sixty one cavern of Mogao was also called by Manjuśri-hall since a statue of Manjuśri Bodhisattva was enshrined. On the other hand it is found a record of Mt. Wutai belief by Uigur people in the Hall of Jù-lóng[居庸關] of the Great Wall near Peiking of China . The empire of Xixià established in 11st century the Manjuśri belief of Mt. Wutai was also flourished but the Xixià people could not pilgrimize Mt. Wutai of Shanxi province at that time for diplomatic problem with Sòng dynasty of China. So the royal family of Xixià by the demand of northwest Buddhist of China wishing pilgrimize on Mt. Wutai had emulated the belief of Mt. Wutai in the valley of Mt. Hèlán of Língzhōu. The examine of Mt. Wutai belief in Xixià is attractive for this writer that the source of the belief on Manjuśri Bodhisattva in Mt. Hèlán was a site of practicing asceticism by Muru[無漏], a Buddhist pilgrim of Silla for ancient India. At the time of the An Lushan Rebellion in 755 A.D. emperor Sùzōng[肅宗] ascended the throne from a feudal lord who experienced a master Muru appeared in his dream who practiced asceticism in the valley of Mt. Hèlán of Língzhōu. The emperor invited the master Muru and the master Bùkōng[不空] to lead the religious rite for national salvation in the imperial palace of Chángān[長安] and also in the place of honored visit by emperor. After three hundred years the royal family of Xixià designated Mt. Hèlán as a second Mt. Wutai of Língzhōu and constructed some temples that enshrined Manjuśri Bodhisattva in the valley of Mt. Hèlán where the Master Muru still practiced asceticism that made the place as a foundation of Mt. Wutai belief on Manjuśri Bodhisattva by Tangut people. The Tangut people repaired Great Buddhist Stupa of Xiàyuàn[下院], Língzhōu that had enshrined statue of the master, Muru in the past. All of Buddhist devote of royal family of Xixià comes from an establishment of religious base of their own that emulated the belief of Mt. Wutai which copied the belief of Manjuśri Bodhisattva in Mt. Wutai in China that was flourished in Korea and Japan province.