경험과 영성과 신학의 관계성에 관하여 - 윌리엄 제임스의 종교심리학을 바탕으로 -

Abstract

In main theological works of traditional Western Christianity, the dimension of experience has been regarded as subjective, accidental, and untrustworthy. Thus, the element of experience could not be engaged in theological discourses in a positive or full way. This tendency shows that conventional theology has been developed by the thinking, reason, and concept-centered method. In other words, theology became a metaphysical and ontological work. As a result, theology has seen dualistic and contradictory splits between faith and lived life, church and society, spirituality and ordinary life, theology and practice, seminary and faith community, theologians and clergies, and so forth. Based on pragmatism and radical empiricism, William James’ discovery and advocacy of the dimension of experience challenges traditional theological methodology. James religious-psychologically analyses religious mystical states. He deeply examines what mystical experiences are and reflects upon their religious meanings. While he explains the difference between religion and philosophy, he points out that perception is more primary than conception. From this perspective, it can be said that individual perception and experience are the primary source and integral content of religion. Mystical experience is understood as experience in the subliminal and transmarginal region. Especially, it has the characteristic of ineffability. James argues that there is a certain continuity between mystical experience and the reality of God. The experience of the reality of God brings actual or real effects, change, spiritual energy, passion for life, and loving life. These experiences and effects also become a proof for and witness to the reality and existence of God. Through the analysis of mystical experience, James discloses the primacy of experience, the reality of God, and the meaning of religion and belief and thus, opens not only the possibility but also the necessity of theology begun from experience. Correspondingly, Moltmann proposes a theology sprung from the experience of life. However, theology should take experience together with critical reflection and meditative contemplation so that it does not fall into narcissism and myopic activism. Here, one can find a way of seeking holistic spirituality and a method of theology based on the interrelationship of contemplation and action beyond dualism.