칼 구스타프 융(C. G. Jung)의 “사위일체”(quaternio) 연구

Abstract

This paper examines Jung's concept of “quaternio”(the Quaternity) as it manifests itself not only in his psychology, but also in astrology, alchemy, and Gnosticism. According to Jung, the "fourth personality" in each of these realms is the element that fuses the opposites and leads to salvation (wholeness, Self). In astrology, the 12th house of the zodiac represents a variation of the 3×4 "quaternary". This variation of the "Quaternity" also appears in the Bible, where it represents the twe lve sons of Jacob and the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. According to astrology, the era in which Jesus Christ was born was "Pisces," which symbolizes the end of an era and the beginning of a new one. This fits well with Christ’s mission. Gnosticism also features the concept of the fourfold unity. Hippolytus of Rome argued that three of the four rivers flowing through the Garden of Eden (Bison, Gihon, and Hiddegel) represented the three senses (sight, hearing, and smell), and the "fourth" river, the Euphrates, symbolized the "mouth". The "mouth" is both a conduit for food and a means of prayer, which suggests that the "fourth estate" contains both physical and spiritual attributes. Meanwhile, in alchemy, the "fourfold unity" refers to the four elements (earth, water, air, and fire) and the four temperaments (hot, cold, humid and dry). There are also four alchemical processes (blackening, whitening, sulfurizing, and reddening), which represent the fusion and dissolution of matter, symbolizing death and resurrection. Toward the end of his work, Jung interpreted Christian texts as a process of "individuation" of Yahweh. The "individuation" of Yahweh culminates in the Incarnation, the birth of Christ (the Wholeness, the Self), who is born through the Holy Virgin (Mary), the "fourth personality" of Yahweh. Christ is responsible for the resolution of Yahweh's injustice against humanity and for humans’ salvation. The indwelling of the Holy Spirit implies that man has become God. Man must now live a life that imitates Christ, contributing not only to his own salvation but also to the salvation of the world. Thus, Jung argues that at the heart of Christian mythology is the incarnation of God, the deification of man, and that man is not an object of salvation, but an agent who, together with God, saves the world.