블록체인 기술은 굿 거버넌스(Good Governance)를 만들 수 있는가?: 에스토니아 사례의 함의
Can Blockchain Technology Establish Good Governance?: Case Study of Estonia
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기존의 e-governance는 대용량 저장장치에 의존하는 전자정부 모델로, 빅데이터 플랫폼에 기반하고 있었다. 그러나 이 방식은 정부가 시민을 통제 및 감시할 수 있는 문제 소위 “빅 브라더문제”를 유발하는 것 외에도 중개자 및 대리인으로서의 정부의 역할을 축소하기는커녕 오히려 더 크게 할 가능성이 높다는 비판에 봉착할 수 있다. 이문제를 해결하기 위한 대안으로 블록체인 기술이 이미 도입되었고 그 긍정적인 가능성이 검증되고 있다. 기존의 빅데이터 플랫폼과는 달리 블록체인 플랫폼은 정부나 회사를거치지 않고 개인과 개인이 직접 거래를 하는 P2P방식을 채용한다. 그리고 그 거래의공정성이나 보안성의 문제를 기술로 해결한다. 무엇보다도 사회적 자본이 핵심요소인신뢰의 문제를 기술로 해결한다는 강점이 있다. 이 기술을 공적인 분야에 가장 선도적으로 활용하고 있는 나라가 에스토니아이다. 본 연구는 에스토니아 사례 연구를 통해블록체인 기술이 어떻게 굿 거버넌스 만들기에 기여할 수 있는지 또 노정하고 있는 한계점은 무엇인지 분석하고 있다.
Abstract
As a former model of e-governance, the e-government was dependent on a big-data platform where governmental information was saved and stored in a centralized database. However, this model had a problem that government, by controlling the centralized database, can limit and restrict the freedom of its citizens, which can be conceptualized as so called a “big brother problem”. Also it was faced with criticism that a centralized database controlled by government can only contribute to expanding the role of government as an agent or as a broker. To solve this problem, the blockchain technology was adopted as an alternative to the former model of e-government. Unlike former model, the blockchain platform does not need a central authority, such as a government or a private firm, and adopts a P2P way of information management which enables individuals to directly make transactions with one another. By adopting a blockchain technology, it can technologically solve the problem of publicity and information security. Its utmost advantage is that it improves the level of trust, which is the pivotal concept in building social capital. The model country to adopt such technology to public administration is Estonia. This article aims to analyze how a blockchain technology can contribute to establishing a good governance and what limits it is confronting with by studying the case of Estonia.
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