최고 종교지도자와 정치대통령의 갈등과 공존: 조건적 민주주의와 이란 이슬람공화국의 대통령제
Conflict and Coexistence in a Religious Republic: Conditional Democracy, Supreme Leader, and President in the Islalmic Republic of Iran
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이란 이슬람공화국은 제도적으로 공화국보다 이슬람에 무게중심을 두고 있으나 대통령과 의회 및 지방정부의 정치영역은 강경보수파와 온건개혁파 사이의 민주적 선거경쟁에 의해 구성된다. 제한적이나마 선거와 정치참여의 기제가 작동하는 조건적 민주주의 체제 하에서 혁명에 대한 충성심을 보유한 후속세대는 탈퇴가 아닌 항의와 저항에 의존하기 때문이다. 1979년 지대추구 왕정을 무너뜨린 후 혁명 주도세력 간의 권력투쟁 과정에서 강경보수파 이슬람법학자 울라마는 세속 자유주의자, 민족주의자, 좌파를 제거하였고 대통령의 권위를 종교지도자 아래의 행정수반으로 축소시켰다. 그러나 선출되지 않은 종신제 국가수반인 최고 종교지도자가 선출된 공직자인 대통령보다 제도적 우위를 점하는 것에 대해 시민들은 불만을 드러냈고 대통령 주도의 개혁운동을 지지하기 시작했다. 1990년대 초반부터 꾸준히 성장한 친 개혁연합은 국가조직 내부로는 행정부의 전문 관료와 지방자치 단체장을, 사회 내에서는 중산층, 지식인, 여성운동가, 청년층을 중심으로 그 지지기반을 다져나가고 있다. 한편 강경보수파 울라마연합은 사법부와 의회 일부를 기반으로 개혁연합에 대한 정치적 고립을 조직하고 있으나 큰 성과를 거두지 못한 채 내부분열에 직면하고 있다.
Abstract
This study proposes that in a conditional democracy with a relatively competitive election system, like the Islamic Republic of Iran, citizens who experienced a successful social revolution rely on “voice” to demand more pluralism, liberalization, and participation in order to challenge the dominating role of a supreme leader and an unelected clerical body. The 1979 Iranian revolution brought together diverse political interests including Muslim clerics, nationalists, and liberal Left in their efforts to overthrow a rentier absolutist monarchy. Ultimately, under the charismatic leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, democratic and republican interests were subsumed, but religious interests were empowered by limiting the role of a president and an elected political body. Yet since the early 1990s, a coalition of reformers led by a president, executives, and local governments has began to emerge advocating a gradual process of political change, economic liberalization, and normalization of relations with the outside world. Although the conservative cleric coalition has excluded and repressed the moderate faction in order to secure the invested interests and the primacy of religion, the reform coalition has remarkably increased its support among the middle class, university students, professionals, women activists, and young constituency.
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