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Rentierism and Democracy in Saudi Arabia

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렌티어 국가 이론(Rentier state theory)의 주요 주장은 렌티어리즘의 부정적인 영향으로 인하여 렌티어국가에서 민주주의 발전이 저해된다는 것이다. 일반적으로 세금효과(Taxation Effect), 정권에 우호적 집단 양산 효과(Group Formation Effect), 지출효과(Spending Sffect)로 구성된 렌티어 효과(Rentier Effect)는 정권의 형태를 권위주의적이고 비민주적으로 만든다고 알려져 왔다. 왜냐하면 사우디아라비아와 같은 렌티어 국가는 석유자원 수출로 얻은 막대한 자금을 정권에 반대하는 집단을 매수하고, 국민들의 충성을 얻으며, 정치적 참여를 요구할 가능성이 높은 시민사회의 형성을 방해하는데 사용하기 때문이다. 렌티어 국가 이론에 따르면 전형적인 렌티어 국가의 경제구조를 보이는 사우디아라비아에서 국민들의 정치참여 요구와 함께 민주주의가 발전할 가능성은 매우 낮은 것으로 보인다. 하지만 이 논문은 렌티어 효과가 사우디아라비아에서 반드시 기대했던 결과만을 가져오지 않았다는 것을 보여준다. 본 논문은 렌티어 경제구조에서 나타난 석유자원의 부적절한 관리와 특정 집단에 대한 편애로 인하여 사우디아라비아 내에서 정치적 침묵보다는 정치적 참여를 요구하는 새로운 사회집단의 출현이 있었음을 밝히고 있다. 즉 사우디아라비아가 정권안정을 위해 석유 렌트를 정치적으로 적극 활용했음에도 불구하고 렌트의 분배 및 그 분배과정에서 나타나는 문제점들로 인하여 사우디아라비아 정부는 역사적으로 국민적 저항과 불만으로부터 자유롭지 못하였다.

참고문헌 (44)

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