마크 트웨인과 낸시 롤스의 대화적 관계--『허클베리 핀의 모험』을 '다시 쓴' 『나의 짐』
A Dialogic Relationship Between Mark Twain and Nancy Rawles:My Jim Writes Back Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
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Abstract
Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn remains one of the most important American classic. Hemingway said that "All modern American literature comes from" it. T.S. Eliot and Lionel Trilling joined him by saying that it is "one of the world's great books" and the "only" novel "in which Twain's genius is completely realized." Yet it also remains controversial because its humiliating and demoralizing portrait of Jim and frequent use of the word "nigger," the word which, says Langston Hughes, "sums up for us who are colored all the bitter years of insult and struggle in America." Twain's text infuriates African-Americans to the extent that one black educator even calls it "the most grotesque example of racist trash ever written." Twain's text has become "the most-beloved and most-loathed novel." My Jim, a novel by Nancy Rawles, an African-American writer, re-writes or writes back Twain's controversial text. Rawles's Jim is no longer a gullible victim or superstitious, childish "nigger" but a man who has powerful spiritual vision and whose manhood commands a respect from people. Rawles chooses to write from the point of view of Jim's wife rather than Jim because she believes the stories of people who did not escape and were left behind have been "seldom told." Rawles's text takes an intimate look into the lives of slaves, particularly black women so that they become "full-fledged human beings," instead of inferior folk or playthings. Such is unthinkable in Twain's novel. Rawles wages a sort of canon-war by recasting and writing back Twain's text which has been, to use Arac's expression, "hypercanonized" to the extent of "idolatry." With its poignancy, tragic insight, and humanizing portrait of slaves, My Jim manages to succeed in problematizing Twain's "hypercanonized" text and its implications. Thus, this is a tentative attempt to explore a dialogic, intertextual relationship between two writers by illuminating in what ways an African-American female writer expands and re-writes the most-canonized white male author.
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