Science, Commerce, and Imperial Expansion in British Travel Literature: Hugh Clifford’s and Joseph Conrad’s Malay Fiction
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Conrad’s novels, specifically the Lingard Trilogy— Almayer’s Folly,An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue— and Lord Jim, set in the Southeast Asian or Malay Archipelago can be considered travel literature that played a significant role in British imperial expansion. Conrad’s Malay novels were based not only on his experience in the region during his commercial journey but also on information from earlier travel writings about the Malays and their customs, including James Brooke’s journals. The English traders in Conrad’s novels, namely Lingard and Jim,were partly modeled on Brooke, the White Rajah, who founded and ruled the English colony on the northwest of Borneo in the 1840s. The white traders in Conrad’s novels, who act as enlightened rulers, represent the British commercial expansionism, which was obscured by the phenomenon of the civilizing mission in the late nineteenth century. On the other hand, the colonial official Clifford’s tales and novels about British Malaya demonstrate the typical travel accounts of the late nineteenth century that stress the civilizing mission over commercial exploitation. The concept of the enlightening mission was rooted in evolutionary anthropological thinking, which developed as part of the natural history in the early nineteenth century. In fact, the development of natural history,stimulating British expansion in search of commercially exploitable resources and lands, enabled travel writing as the collection of natural knowledge to become a profitable business. In Conrad, the white characters are mainly traders acting as colonial rulers, while in Clifford, they are scientific rulers with their commercial interests rarely apparent. In sum, Conrad’s novels reveal that the new imperialism of the civilizing mission is still a commercial one, which disturbs rather than contributes to the imperial expansion—in contrast to other travel literature such as Clifford’s.
Abstract
Conrad’s novels, specifically the Lingard Trilogy— Almayer’s Folly,An Outcast of the Islands, and The Rescue— and Lord Jim, set in the Southeast Asian or Malay Archipelago can be considered travel literature that played a significant role in British imperial expansion. Conrad’s Malay novels were based not only on his experience in the region during his commercial journey but also on information from earlier travel writings about the Malays and their customs, including James Brooke’s journals. The English traders in Conrad’s novels, namely Lingard and Jim,were partly modeled on Brooke, the White Rajah, who founded and ruled the English colony on the northwest of Borneo in the 1840s. The white traders in Conrad’s novels, who act as enlightened rulers, represent the British commercial expansionism, which was obscured by the phenomenon of the civilizing mission in the late nineteenth century. On the other hand, the colonial official Clifford’s tales and novels about British Malaya demonstrate the typical travel accounts of the late nineteenth century that stress the civilizing mission over commercial exploitation. The concept of the enlightening mission was rooted in evolutionary anthropological thinking, which developed as part of the natural history in the early nineteenth century. In fact, the development of natural history,stimulating British expansion in search of commercially exploitable resources and lands, enabled travel writing as the collection of natural knowledge to become a profitable business. In Conrad, the white characters are mainly traders acting as colonial rulers, while in Clifford, they are scientific rulers with their commercial interests rarely apparent. In sum, Conrad’s novels reveal that the new imperialism of the civilizing mission is still a commercial one, which disturbs rather than contributes to the imperial expansion—in contrast to other travel literature such as Clifford’s.
참고문헌 (33)
- Bird, Isabella, "Letter from Sungei Ujong, Malay Peninsula Empire Writing: An Anthology of Colonial Literature 1870-1918", pp.80~85 (1998), Oxford: Oxford UP
- Brantlinger. Patrick, "Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914" (1988), Ithaca: Cornell UP
- Bridges, Roy, "Exploration and Travel outside Europe (1720-1914) The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing", pp.53~69 (2002), Cambridge: Cambridge UP
- Chamberlain, Joseph, "The True Conception of Empire", pp.212~215 (1918), Empire Writing: An Anthology of Colonial Literature 1870-1918
- Clark, Steve, "Introduction Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit", pp.1~28 (1999), New York: St Martin’s Press
- Clifford, Hugh Charles, "In Court and Kampong" (2010), Memphis: General Books
- Clifford, Hugh Charles, "Since the Beginning; A Tale of an Eastern Land" (2009), Memphis: General Books
- Clifford, Hugh Charles, "Studies in Brown Humanity, Being Scrawls and Smudges in Sepia, White, and Yellow" (1898), London: G. Richards
- Clifford, Hugh Charles, "Salley, A Study, and Other Tales of the Outskirts" (2010), Memphis: General Books
- Clifford, Hugh Charles, "Saleh: A Sequel" (1908), Edinburg and London: Blackwood & Sons
- Conrad, Joseph, "Almayer’s Folly" (2008), Radford: Wilder Publications
- Conrad, Joseph, "Karain: A Memory", pp.5~44 (2000), Tales of Unrest. London: Dent
- Conrad, Joseph, "The Lagoon", pp.141~153, Tales of Unrest
- Conrad, Joseph, "Notes on Life and Letters" (1924), New York: Doubleday, Page & Company
- Conrad, Joseph, "Lord Jim" (1968), New York: Norton
- Conrad, Joseph, "An Outcast of the Islands" (1992), Oxford: Oxford UP
- Conrad, Joseph, "A Personal Record" (1988), Marlboro: Marboro P
- Conrad, Joseph, "The Rescue: A Romance of the Shallows" (1968), New York: Norton
- Conrad, Joseph, "Youth: A Narrative Youth, Heart of Darkness, The End of the Tether", pp.9~43 (1995), London: Penguin Books
- Curle, Richard, "The Last Twelve Years of Joseph Conrad" (1928), Garden City: Doubleday
- GoGwilt, Christopher, "The Invention of the West: Joseph Conrad and the Double-Mapping of Europe and Empire" (1995), Stanford: Stanford UP
- Hampson, Robert, "Cross-Cultural Encounters in Joseph Conrad’s Malay Fiction" (2000), New York: Palgrave
- Hampson, Robert, "Hugh Clifford in Malaya Writing, Travel and Empire: In the Margins of Anthropology", pp.147~166 (2007), New York: I. B. Tauris
- Hay, Eloise Knapp, "The Political Novels of Joseph Conrad: A Critical Study" (1963), Chicago and London: U of Chicago P
- Colonial Texts: Hugh Clifford & the Discipline of English Literature in the Straits Settlements & Malaya 1895-1907, "Modern Subjects", pp.2000, Holden, Philip
- Kuklick, Henrika, "The Savage Within: The Social History of British Anthropology, 1885-1945" (1991), Cambridge: Cambridge UP
- Motohashi, Ted, "The Discourse of Cannibalism in Early Modern Travel Writing", pp.83~99, Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit
- Pels, Peter, "Afterword: Writing in the Margins of a Marginal Discipline", pp.221~235, Writing, Travel and Empire: In the Margins of Anthropology
- Pratt, Mary Louis, "Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation" (1992), London and New York: Routledge
- Sherman, William H, "Stirrings and Searchings (1500-1720)", pp.17~36, The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing
- Sherry, Norman, "Conrad’s Eastern World" (1966), Cambridge: Cambridge UP
- Spurr, David, "The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration" (1993), Durham and London: Duke UP
- Thomas, Nicholas, "Colonialism’s Culture: Anthropology, Travel and Government" (1994), Cambridge: Polity Press