『자에는 자로』에서 생명정치와 주권권력의 행사
Biopolitics and the Exercising of Sovereign Power in Measure for Measure
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This article aims to examine Angelo’s and Duke Vincentio’s biopolitics in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and ways in which their biopolitics solidifies or weakens the sovereign power of the governors. Biopolitics is a ruler’s attempt to politicize the life of human beings and a political exercising of sovereign power for strengthening the basis of sovereignty by exerting their force over human lives. Giorgio Agamben regards the possibility that all human lives are included in biopolitics as the focal point of modern politics. To begin with, Angelo demonstrates biopolitics through his actions toward Claudio, Isabella and Barnadine. Angelo tries to execute Claudio for the purpose that the subjects are fearful of his sovereign power. Therefore, Angelo’s decision to kill Claudio is an attempt to strengthen his sovereignty. However, his decision to kill Claudio is unusual at the time and causes other subjects to complain. Furthermore, his decision to kill Claudio demonstrates extremely ‘exceptional’ exercising of the sovereign power. Sovereignty is characterized by exceptionality, however, governors’ excessive dependency on exceptionality may bring about weakened sovereignty. On the other hand, Duke Vincentio does not show biopolitical philosophy. Instead, he pardons Barnadine, Angelo, Claudio and Lucio and sets some of them up for marriage. By pardoning them and arranging their marriages, he reveals the aspects of a ‘godly’ and ‘ungodly’ governor at the same time. He does not aspire to be a godly governor so that he is humanized and less divine because of his shortcomings. That he is not biopolitical on his subjects and that he reveals the aspects of ungodly governors paradoxically solidifies his sovereignty. He achieves social integration by not excluding any characters from the comic ending, subsumes the illicit desire of his subjects into the lawful boundary by arranging their marriages and suggests that mercy is the basis of governing by granting seemingly impossible pardons as shown in the cases of murderer, Barnadine and Lucio.
Abstract
This article aims to examine Angelo’s and Duke Vincentio’s biopolitics in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure and ways in which their biopolitics solidifies or weakens the sovereign power of the governors. Biopolitics is a ruler’s attempt to politicize the life of human beings and a political exercising of sovereign power for strengthening the basis of sovereignty by exerting their force over human lives. Giorgio Agamben regards the possibility that all human lives are included in biopolitics as the focal point of modern politics. To begin with, Angelo demonstrates biopolitics through his actions toward Claudio, Isabella and Barnadine. Angelo tries to execute Claudio for the purpose that the subjects are fearful of his sovereign power. Therefore, Angelo’s decision to kill Claudio is an attempt to strengthen his sovereignty. However, his decision to kill Claudio is unusual at the time and causes other subjects to complain. Furthermore, his decision to kill Claudio demonstrates extremely ‘exceptional’ exercising of the sovereign power. Sovereignty is characterized by exceptionality, however, governors’ excessive dependency on exceptionality may bring about weakened sovereignty. On the other hand, Duke Vincentio does not show biopolitical philosophy. Instead, he pardons Barnadine, Angelo, Claudio and Lucio and sets some of them up for marriage. By pardoning them and arranging their marriages, he reveals the aspects of a ‘godly’ and ‘ungodly’ governor at the same time. He does not aspire to be a godly governor so that he is humanized and less divine because of his shortcomings. That he is not biopolitical on his subjects and that he reveals the aspects of ungodly governors paradoxically solidifies his sovereignty. He achieves social integration by not excluding any characters from the comic ending, subsumes the illicit desire of his subjects into the lawful boundary by arranging their marriages and suggests that mercy is the basis of governing by granting seemingly impossible pardons as shown in the cases of murderer, Barnadine and Lucio.
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