『베니스의 상인』(The Merchant of Venice)에 나타난 등가 교환의 윤리
The Ethics of Equivalent Exchange in The Merchant of Venice
2
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Karl Marx severely criticizes the monetary exchange system by quoting Timon’s attack on money from Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens. Does Shakespeare agree or disagree with Marx’s opinion? Does Shakespeare support or criticize a market system in which the exchange of monetary or other signs is the principal means of life? This article attempts to find an answer to this question in The Merchant of Venice, a Shakespearean comedy which deals with the issues of money and exchange in full scale. To give the answer in advance, this article suggests that Shakespeare in this play not only acknowledges the monetary exchange system but also finds a life ethics in it, namely, that an ethical way of life in the emerging capitalistic society like Venice, Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice suggests, can be found in its neutral exchange system. To develop this argument, this article looks at the play as an economic revenge play, traces the cycle of Shylock’s, Portia’s, and Antonio’s revenges circulated in the various economic forms, and reveals that in these circulations of retaliation lies an ethics of equivalent exchange. This article, focusing on both the conflation of the human realm with the economic one and the confusion between revenge and mercy, derives Shakespeare’s hypothesis that an equal or symmetrical exchange process operating at the basis of human life can be a revenge or an ethics, depending on ‘who, where, when, why, how’ use it. Sometimes, the economics of equivalent exchange can lead to constructing the restrictive laws or legal systems, making the inhuman contracts, and seeking vengeance. If it is wisely used at the right time for the right person or circumstance, however, it can be embodied in impartial verdicts, equitable contracts, or the exchange of love and thus can effectively function as an ethics to enhance or enrich our life. To prove this hypothesis, this article analyzes the revenge narratives represented in The Merchant of Venice, which circulate from Antonio, via Bassanio, to Shylock, and recirculate from Shylock, via Portia, to Antonio, centering on the two thematic axises― the monetary exchange and revenge psychology.
Abstract
Karl Marx severely criticizes the monetary exchange system by quoting Timon’s attack on money from Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens. Does Shakespeare agree or disagree with Marx’s opinion? Does Shakespeare support or criticize a market system in which the exchange of monetary or other signs is the principal means of life? This article attempts to find an answer to this question in The Merchant of Venice, a Shakespearean comedy which deals with the issues of money and exchange in full scale. To give the answer in advance, this article suggests that Shakespeare in this play not only acknowledges the monetary exchange system but also finds a life ethics in it, namely, that an ethical way of life in the emerging capitalistic society like Venice, Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice suggests, can be found in its neutral exchange system. To develop this argument, this article looks at the play as an economic revenge play, traces the cycle of Shylock’s, Portia’s, and Antonio’s revenges circulated in the various economic forms, and reveals that in these circulations of retaliation lies an ethics of equivalent exchange. This article, focusing on both the conflation of the human realm with the economic one and the confusion between revenge and mercy, derives Shakespeare’s hypothesis that an equal or symmetrical exchange process operating at the basis of human life can be a revenge or an ethics, depending on ‘who, where, when, why, how’ use it. Sometimes, the economics of equivalent exchange can lead to constructing the restrictive laws or legal systems, making the inhuman contracts, and seeking vengeance. If it is wisely used at the right time for the right person or circumstance, however, it can be embodied in impartial verdicts, equitable contracts, or the exchange of love and thus can effectively function as an ethics to enhance or enrich our life. To prove this hypothesis, this article analyzes the revenge narratives represented in The Merchant of Venice, which circulate from Antonio, via Bassanio, to Shylock, and recirculate from Shylock, via Portia, to Antonio, centering on the two thematic axises― the monetary exchange and revenge psychology.
참고문헌 (39)
- 셰익스피어, 윌리엄, "베니스의 상인, In 셰익스피어 영한대역본 5" (2005), 태일사
- 셰익스피어, 윌리엄, "아테네의 타이먼, In 셰익스피어 전집 4", pp.87~154 (1964), 휘문출판사
- 이영준, "『베니스의 상인』의 ‘모험’ 이데올로기", Shakespeare Review, 36, pp.825~849 (2000)
- 이환태, "「베니스의 상인」에 나타난 부(富)와 인간관계", Shakespeare Review, 48(1), pp.139~164 (2012), 한국셰익스피어학회
- 이희원, "레비나스, 타자 윤리학, 페미니즘, In 페미니즘 차이와 사이: 젠더 지형의 변화와 페미니즘 문화연구", pp.257~279 (2011), 문학동네
- 켄지 요시노, "스캔들에 대처하는 변호사의 자세, In 셰익스피어, 정의를 말하다.—셰익스피어 희곡에서 배우는 정의", pp.66~112 (2012), 지식의 날개
- Ajzenstat, Samuel, "Contract in The Merchant of Venice", Philosophy and Literature, 21(2), pp.262~278 (1997)
- Anderson, Linda, "A Kind of Wild Justice: Revenge in Shakespeare’s Comedies" (1987), U of Delaware P
- Bailey, Amanda, "Shylock and the Slaves: Owing and Owning in The Merchant of Venice", Shakespeare Quarterly, 62, pp.1~24 (2011)
- Bate, Jonathan, "Introduction to The Merchant of Venice, In The RSC Shakespeare", pp.1~12 (2010), Macmillan
- Bilello, Thomas C., "“Accomplished with What She Lacks”: Law, Equity and Portia’s Con", Law and Literature, 16(1), pp.11~32 (2004)
- Cohen, Walter, "The Merchant of Venice and the Possibilities of Historical Criticism", Journal of English Literary History, 49, pp.765~789 (1982)
- Critchley, Simon, "Universal Shylockery: Money and Morality in The Merchant of Venice", Diacritics, 34(1), pp.2~17 (2004)
- Deleuze, Gilles, "Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia" (1977), Penguine Books
- Engle, Lars, "“Thrift is Blessing”: Exchange and Explanation in The Merchant of Venice", Shakespeare Quarterly, 37, pp.20~37 (1986)
- Grav, Peter F., "“My Purse, My Person”: Conflating the Economic and the Personal in The Merchant of Venice, In Shakespeare and the Economic Imperative: “What’s Aught but as ’tis Valued?”", pp.83~107 (2008), Routledge
- Gross, John, "Shylock: A Legend and Its Legacy" (1992), Simon
- Holderness, Graham, "Purse and Person: For Love or Money, In The Merchant of Venice: Longman Critical Essays", pp.29~40 (1992), Longman
- Ingram, Jill Phillips, "Idioms of Self-Interest: Credit, Identity, and Property in English Renaissance Literature" (2006), Routledge
- Korda, Natasha, "Dame Usury: Gender, Credit, and (Ac)counting in the Sonnets and The Merchant of Venice", Shakespeare Quarterly, 60, pp.129~153 (2009)
- Leventon, Carol, "Patrimony and Patriarchy in The Merchant of Venice, In The Matter of Difference", pp.59~80 (1991), Harvester
- Levinas, Emmanuel, "Totality and Infinity: An Essay on Exteriority" (1969), Duquesne UP
- Levinas, Emmanuel, "Otherwise Than Being or Beyond Essence" (1998), Duquesne UP
- Lim, Walters. S. H, "Surety and Spiritual Commercialism in The Merchant of Venice", Studies in English Literature, 50, pp.355~381 (2010)
- Mentz, Steven R., "The Fiend Gives Friendly Counsel: Launcelot Gobbo and Polyglot Economics in The Merchant of Venice, In Money and the Age of Shakespeare: Essays in New Economic Criticism", pp.177~188 (2003), Palgrave Macmillan
- Moison, Thomas, "“Which is the Merchant Here? and Which the Jew?”: Subversion and Recuperation in The Merchant of Venice, In Shakespeare Reproduced: The Text in History and Ideology", pp.188~206 (1987), Methuen
- Netzloff, Mark, "The Lead Casket: Capital, Mercantilism, and The Merchant of Venice, In Money and the Age of Shakespeare: Essays in New Economic Criticism", pp.159~176 (2003), Palgrave Macmillan
- Newman, Karen, "Portia’s Ring: Unruly Women and Structures of Exchange in The Merchant of Venice", Shakespeare Quarterly, 38, pp.19~33 (1987)
- Posner, Richard A., "Law and Commerce in The Merchant of Venice, In Shakespeare and the Law: A Conversation among Disciplines and Professions", pp.147~155 (2013), U of Chicago P
- Rosenshield, Gary, "Deconstructing the Christian Merchant: Antonio and The Merchant of Venice", Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 20(2), pp.28~51 (2002)
- Ryan, Kiernan, "Shakespeare" (2002), Palgrave
- Shakespeare, William, "Timon of Athens, In The Arden Shakespeare" (2008), Methuen
- Sharp, Ronald A., "Gift Exchange and the Economies of Spirit in The Merchant of Venice", Modern Philology, 83, pp.250~265 (1986)
- Shell, Marc, "The Wether and the Ewe, In Money, Language, and Thought: Literary and Philosophic Economies from the Medieval to the Modern Era", pp.47~83 (1993), Johns Hopkins UP
- Spencer, Eric, "Taking Excess, Exceeding Account: Aristotle Meets The Merchant of Venice, In Money and the Age of Shakespeare: Essays in New Economic Criticism", pp.129~158 (2003), Palgrave Macmillan
- Turner, Frederick, "Shakespeare’s Twenty-First Century Economics: The Morality of Love and Money" (1999), Oxford UP
- Woodbridge, Linda, "English Revenge Drama: Money, Resistance, Equality" (2010), Cambridge UP
- "The Power of Money. Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844"[URL]
- 김기덕, "피에타", 김기덕 필름, ~ (2012)