선전선동전의 관점에서 본 『안토니와 클레오파트라』: 알렉산드리아 영토분할령 전후에 유포된 흑색 루머
Propaganda Wars in Antony and Cleopatra: Blackening Rumours Circulated around the Donations of Alexandria
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Generally, critics admit that Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra depicts Cleopatra as a femme fatale and Antony as a debauched warrior who loses his heroic qualities due to the corrupting seductress. Moreover, they also acknowledge Plutarch’s Lives, Shakespeare’s main source, is far from an objective record of historical realities. Yet, they have not paid a close attention to what historical incident brought forth blackening rumours which disfigured their images everlastingly. This essay aims to delve into the historical moment which gave rise to the stigmatizing discourses about Antony and Cleopatra. It was Antony’s lavish triumph held in Alexandria, 34 BC, which provoked fierce propaganda wars between the two rivalry factions of Antony and Octavius. Celebrating his success in Armenian war with the triumph, Antony also proclaimed the so-called ‘Donations of Alexandria’ by which many Levantine countries under his rule were allotted to Cleopatra and her children. In response, the Octavian faction tried to smear the images of Antony and Cleopatra by denouncing the proclamation. Octavius’ discursive manipulation played a crucial role in defeating Antony in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. After Octavius was hailed as Augustus in 27 BC, his imperial regime deployed a more compelling machine of spin-doctors to aggravate the opprobrious images of Antony and Cleopatra, which have ever since pervaded their popular images including Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. These genealogical studies attest to the enduring premise that history is always written by the victors.
Abstract
Generally, critics admit that Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra depicts Cleopatra as a femme fatale and Antony as a debauched warrior who loses his heroic qualities due to the corrupting seductress. Moreover, they also acknowledge Plutarch’s Lives, Shakespeare’s main source, is far from an objective record of historical realities. Yet, they have not paid a close attention to what historical incident brought forth blackening rumours which disfigured their images everlastingly. This essay aims to delve into the historical moment which gave rise to the stigmatizing discourses about Antony and Cleopatra. It was Antony’s lavish triumph held in Alexandria, 34 BC, which provoked fierce propaganda wars between the two rivalry factions of Antony and Octavius. Celebrating his success in Armenian war with the triumph, Antony also proclaimed the so-called ‘Donations of Alexandria’ by which many Levantine countries under his rule were allotted to Cleopatra and her children. In response, the Octavian faction tried to smear the images of Antony and Cleopatra by denouncing the proclamation. Octavius’ discursive manipulation played a crucial role in defeating Antony in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. After Octavius was hailed as Augustus in 27 BC, his imperial regime deployed a more compelling machine of spin-doctors to aggravate the opprobrious images of Antony and Cleopatra, which have ever since pervaded their popular images including Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. These genealogical studies attest to the enduring premise that history is always written by the victors.
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