조선 지성사에서의 王道와 覇道 담론

Abstract

In this thesis, I explore the discourse of the wang dao(王道, the way of the true king) and the ba dao(覇道, the way of the hegemon) in the Middle and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty. The problem of the wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道) is that, ideologically, the discourses of Mencius(孟子) and Xunzi(荀子), Chu Hsi(朱熹) and Chin Liang(陳亮) have been consistently inherited. In addition, historically, the tension between ideal politics and real politics, which has been sharpened at each transition period, between the close of the Korea Dynasty & the beginning of Chosŏn Dynasty(麗末鮮初), the Japanese Invasion of Korea and the Manchu war(壬丙兩亂), the eastern penetration of western powers(西勢東漸) has been repeated and varied. In this thesis, I focused on various discourses that attempted to recognize both the wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道), relativizing both sides of the wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道) in a relationship with the wang dao(王道), beyond the conventional confrontational structure. To this end, I first review the general 'criticism of the ba dao(覇道)' in the Chosŏn Dynasty, and based on this, the tension between the king, who is the subject of power in real politics, and the ideological subject of Confucian ideal politics, in the time and space of the end of the Korea Dynasty, the middle of the Chosŏn Dynasty, and the 18th century. It examines how the historical irony between 'ethics and reality' was questioned. In addition, Lee Ik(李瀷), a Sirhak(Practical Learning) scholar in the late Chosŏn Dynasty, understood wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道) as a balanced relationship between the ethics and system of 'grace and punishment'. It shed light on thinking as a kind of 'provisional utopia'. This can be said to be the attitude of the world as a 'Confucian realist'. Furthermore, this recognition of the wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道) was inherited in two major streams in intellectual history of Late Chosŏn period. If one is a Confucian approval of the latter, 'profit(利)' in the mutual oppositive structure of 'the wang dao(王道) = righteousness(義) VS the ba dao(覇道) = profit(利)', the other is a simultaneous avoidance of the extreme bias toward the former, 'truth(道)', or the latter, 'vessel(器)' in the hierarchical structure of 'the wang dao(王道) = truth(道) VS the ba dao(覇道) = the vessel(器). This reveals a balanced perception between wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道), righteousness(義) and profit(利), and end and means. In addition, in the Chosŏn Dynasty of the late 19th century, the logic of 'Bukhak(北學, Northern Learning)' that even the things of 'barbarian(夷狄)/ba dao(覇道)' should be learned if they are helpful to Chosŏn was gradually extended and inherited into the logic of 'Seohak(西學, western Learning)'. In the so-called ‘recognition of ba dao(覇道)’, it can be seen that the new discourse on the wang dao(王道) and the ba dao(覇道) is continuously intensifying until the turning point of the end of the 19th century in connection with the theory of civilization and barbarism(華夷論).