A Study on the Acquisition of If-Conditionals by Korean- & Spanish-speaking Learners of English
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The current study focused on acquisition of If-conditionals by L2 learners of English with two different native tongues, Spanish and Korean, and with two different proficiency levels, high and low. An experiment with two subparts, each focusing on production and comprehension respectively, was performed in order to explore which factor among input frequencies, grammatical complexities and L1 influence best explains the acquisition of If-conditionals by L2 learners. The results from both production and comprehension data suggest that If-conditionals with lower hypotheticality are acquired before than those with higher hypotheticality by L2learners, just as they are by children learning their L1, and hierarchies of input frequencies best explain the acquisition order of If-conditionals. At this point, it is not possible to distinguish between influences of input frequencies and typological universals, as they coincide. One thing for sure is that both L1 and L2 acquisitions seem to be influenced by them, suggesting the universality of language acquisition. Influence of instruction, on the other hand, was also found, especially in the production data of the higher-level L2 learners. Even though there were no differences in the acquisition order of If-conditionals between the two groups of learners with different L1 backgrounds, the influence of L1 was also found in the analysis of non-target forms produced by learner participants.
Abstract
The current study focused on acquisition of If-conditionals by L2 learners of English with two different native tongues, Spanish and Korean, and with two different proficiency levels, high and low. An experiment with two subparts, each focusing on production and comprehension respectively, was performed in order to explore which factor among input frequencies, grammatical complexities and L1 influence best explains the acquisition of If-conditionals by L2 learners. The results from both production and comprehension data suggest that If-conditionals with lower hypotheticality are acquired before than those with higher hypotheticality by L2learners, just as they are by children learning their L1, and hierarchies of input frequencies best explain the acquisition order of If-conditionals. At this point, it is not possible to distinguish between influences of input frequencies and typological universals, as they coincide. One thing for sure is that both L1 and L2 acquisitions seem to be influenced by them, suggesting the universality of language acquisition. Influence of instruction, on the other hand, was also found, especially in the production data of the higher-level L2 learners. Even though there were no differences in the acquisition order of If-conditionals between the two groups of learners with different L1 backgrounds, the influence of L1 was also found in the analysis of non-target forms produced by learner participants.
참고문헌 (52)
- Alberding, M., "Counterfactual conditionals, mental space and ESL pedagogy", CELE Journal, 12, pp.34~52 (2004)
- Athanasiadou, A, "Conditionality, hypotheticality, counterfactuality. A Study on the Acquisition of If-Conditionals by Korean- & Spanish-speaking Learners of English 175 In On conditionals again", pp.61~96 (1997), Johns Benjamins
- Bailey, C-J. N., "Classifying the English conditionals", American Speech, 64, pp.275~280 (1989)
- Bardovi-Harlig, K., "Markedness and salience in second language acquisition", Language Learning, 37, pp.385~407 (1987)
- Berent, G. P., "Markedness considerations in the acquisition of conditional sentences", Language Learning, 35, pp.337~373 (1985)
- Bowerman, M., "First steps in acquiring conditionals In On conditionals", pp.285~307 (1986), Cambridge University Press
- Brown, R., "A first language : The early stages" (1973), Harvard University Press
- Carter, R., "Cambridge grammar of English" (2006), Cambridge University Press
- Celce-Murcia, M, "The grammar book" (1999), Heinle & Heinle
- Chou, C. L., "Chinese speakers' acquisition of English conditionals : Acquisition order and L1 transfer effects", Second Language Studies, 19, pp.57~98 (2000)
- Clutchley, A., "If she had of shutted the cage, the rabbit wouldn’t escape : Past counterfactuals elicited from 6-to 11-year-old children", First Language, 24, pp.209~239 (2004)
- Comrie, B., "Conditionals: a typology In On conditionals", pp.77~99 (1986), Cambridge University Press
- Croft, W., "Typology and universals" (1990), Cambridge University Press
- Dulay, H. C., "Natural sequences in child second language acquisition", Language Learning, 24, pp.37~53 (1974)
- Ellis, N., "Frequency effects in language processing", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, pp.143~188 (2002)
- Ellis, N., "Reflections on frequency effects in language processing", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, pp.297~339 (2002)
- Ellis, R., "The study of second language acquisition" (1994), Oxford University Press
- Ellis, R., "Understanding second language acquisition" (1985), Oxford University Press
- Field, A., "Discovering statistics using SPSS" (2005), Sage Publications
- Fulcher, G., "Conditionals revisited", ELT Journal, 45, pp.164~168 (1991)
- Gass, S., "Language transfer and universal grammatical relations", Language Learning, 29, pp.327~344 (1979)
- Hatch, E, "Explaining sequence and variation in second language acquisition", Language Learning, 4, pp.39~47 (1976)
- Hill, S., "Bilingual grammar of English-Spanish syntax: A manual with exercises and keys" (2000), University Press of America
- Hwang, M., "A semantic and syntactic analysis of if conditionals", 석사, pp.1979
- Hwang, J-B., "Competition model and the Korean learners’ acquisition of English psych verbs", English Teaching, 55, pp.37~57 (2000)
- Johnson-Laird, P. N., "Conditionals and mental models In On conditionals", pp.55~76 (1986), Cambridge University Press
- 정혜선, "대학생의 영작문에 나타난 시제와 가정법 사용 오류에 관한 연구", 영어교육연구, 17(3), pp.259~282 (2005), 팬코리아영어교육학회
- 강승만, "Why Is It DifficultTo Teach English Subjunctive?", 영어영문학연구, 49(1), pp.21~35 (2007), 한국중앙영어영문학회
- 김경훈, "대학생의 영어가정법 습득에 관한 연구", 한국콘텐츠학회 논문지, 7(9), pp.231~239 (2007), 한국콘텐츠학회
- 고우경, "Referential Choices of Korean EFL Learners: Effects of Grammatical & Thematic Roles", 응용언어학, 25(3), pp.241~274 (2009), 한국응용언어학회
- Larsen-Freeman, D., "Making sense of frequency", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, pp.275~285 (2002)
- Larson-Hall, J., "A guide to doing statistics in second language research using SPSS" (2010), Routledge
- Lee, C-B., "Conditional forms and meanings in Korean", Language Research, 30, pp.273~295 (1994)
- Mazurkewich, I., "The acquisition of dative alternation by second language learners and linguistic theory", Language Learning, 34, pp.91~109 (1984)
- Norris, R. W., "How do we overcome the difficulties of teaching conditionals?", Bulletin of Fukuoka International University, 9, pp.39~50 (2003)
- O’Grady, W., "Syntactic development" (1997), University of Chicago
- Palmer, F. R., "Mood and modality" (1986), Cambridge University Press
- 박용예, "The Use of Conditionals in Korean College EFL Students' Writing", 담화와 인지, 17(1), pp.45~67 (2010), 담화·인지언어학회
- Pienemann, M., "Constructing an acquisition-based procedure for assessing second language acquisition", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 10, pp.217~243 (1988)
- Reilly, J. S., "The acquisition of temporals and conditionals In On conditionals", pp.309~331 (1986), Cambridge University Press
- Salsbury, T., "The acquisitional grammaticalization of unreal conditionals and modality in L2 English: A longitudinal perspective", 박사, pp.2000
- Schachter, J. C., "An error in error analysis", Language Learning, 27, pp.205~214 (1974)
- Schachter, J. C., "Presupposition and counterfactual conditional sentences", 박사, pp.1971
- Schumann, J., "The acquisition of English relative clauses by second language learners In Research in second language acquisition: Selected papers from Los Angeles Second Language Research Forum", pp.118~131 (1980), Newbury House
- Schwartz, M., "The role of frequency in SLA: An analysis of gerunds and infinitives in ESL writing discourse", Arizona Working Papers in SLA & Teaching, 14, pp.43~57 (2007)
- Seo, E. A., "Korean EFL learners’ knowledge of the English subjunctive mood", 석사, pp.2009
- Su, H-S., "A contrastive analysis of English and Korean conditionals", 석사, pp.2000
- Swan, M., "Practical English Usage" (2005), Oxford University Press
- Tabachnick, B. G., "Using Multivariate Statistics", pp.2007, Pearson
- Wierzbicka, A., "Conditionals and counterfactuals: conceptual primitives and linguistic universals In On conditionals again", pp.15~62 (1997), John Benjamins
- 염재일, "Comparison of Two Conditional Connectives -(u)myen and -ta", la-myen in Korean, 2004, pp.8(1), 137~162[DOI]
- Youn, S-M., "A study on the effective teaching of subjunctive mood through analyzing on high school students’ acquisition of subjunctive mood" (2008), Chungbuk National University