Variable Speech Styles in the Production of English Flapping
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Abstract
The present study examines stylistic variation in the feature of word medial /t/ flapping. Flapping is a pervasive feature of North American English and subject to variation according to formality. The subjects in the study are native and non-native English speaking Korean Americans. Speech was elicited through interviews and formal speech elicitation tasks. Flapping is examined in relation to style, age of arrival in the US, sex, and age. The results from the analyses on flapping as well as an examination of the interaction of sociolinguistic variables are presented. In general, results indicate that age of arrival was the most salient social factor with speakers who arrived relatively early showing a higher rate of flapping. Speakers also showed a steady increase of flapping according to a decrease in formality. These results indicate that early exposure and awareness affect use. Stylistic variation in flapping is not explicitly taught to either native or non-native English speakers. Thus, in the absence of sufficient exposure to English, EFL learners can only acquire appropriate usage norms through instruction.
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