얼굴 표정의 주의 포획 효과: 정서와 하위 시각 특질의 상호작용
Attention capture by facial expressions: The interaction between emotions and low-level visual features
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화난 얼굴이 웃는 얼굴보다 더 우세하게 지각되는지에 대해서 치열한 논쟁이 있어 왔지만, 선행 연구의 결과가 혼재되어 있기에 수렴적인 결론을 내리기는 어렵다. 예를 들어, 시각 탐색 패러다임에서 상대적으로 빠른 반응시간과 완만한 탐색 기울기를 보이는 등, 화난 얼굴은 주의 포획에 있어서 우세함을 보였다. 그러나 얼굴과 치아의 대비와 같은 하위 시각 특질이 주의 포획에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 정서의 영향을 고려한 해석은 이러한 하위 수준의 해석에 의해 도전을 받아 왔다. 본 연구에서는 얼굴 표정과 얼굴 치아 대비를 모두 조작하여 선행 연구의 혼재된 결과를 통합하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 시각 탐색 및 시각 단서 패러다임을 활용하여 주의 효과를 측정하고 하위 시각 특질의 효과를 높은 수준의 정서 효과와 분리하였다. 시각 탐색 과제에서 화난 얼굴이 웃는 얼굴보다 더 빠르게 탐색되었고, 얼굴 치아 대비가 높을수록 반응시간이 더 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 결정적으로 정서와 얼굴 치아 대비의 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었으며, 이는 목표 자극에 대한 시각 탐색 처리가 하위 수준의 시각 특질과 더불어 정서의 영향을 받음을 시사한다. 시각 단서 과제의 경우, 높은 얼굴 치아 대비 자극을 제외한 화난 얼굴 조건에서 주의 포획 효과를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 시각주의 포획에 대한 정서 정보의 중요성을 강조한다. 결과적으로, 본 실험의 결과는 분노 우월 효과를 지지함과 동시에 시각주의에 대한 얼굴 표정의 효과를 설명하기 위한 정서와 시각 특질을 통합하는 모형의 필요성을 제안한다.
Abstract
Whether angry faces are superior to happy faces has been fiercely debated, but it is still difficult to reconcile the literature as previous studies yielded mixed results. For example, angry faces appear to attract more attention resulting in faster reaction times (RTs) and the shallow search slope in a visual search paradigm. However, this high-level account has been questioned by a low-level account claiming that this result is due to low-level visual saliency (e.g., higher contrast between face and teeth color). In the present study, we seek to reconcile the discrepancy between mixed results by manipulating both facial expressions and face-teeth contrast. Specifically, we measured attention effects in both the visual search and cueing paradigms and aimed to tease apart high-level, emotion effects from low-level effects. In the visual search experiment, we found that RTs were faster for angry faces compared to happy faces. Furthermore, faces with higher face-teeth contrast yielded faster RTs compared to faces with lower face-teeth contrast. Critically, there was an interaction between face-teeth contrast and emotion, suggesting that emotion may affect target processing on top of low-level effects during visual search. In the visual cueing experiment, we found that angry faces but not faces with higher face-teeth contrast did capture attention despite being task-irrelevant, bolstering the role of emotion in attention capture. Overall, our findings support the anger superiority effect and suggest the need for a comprehensive model combining emotion and visual features to explain the effect of facial expressions on visual attention.
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