한국 발전주의 생산레짐과 복지체제의 형성
The Historical Formation of the Developmental Production and Welfare Regimes in Korea
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초록
지난 IMF 경제위기를 극복하는 과정에서 김대중 정부의 “생산적 복지”개혁을 계기로 전국민 사회보험체제와 국민기초생활보장제도의 도입으로 적어도 형식적인 제도적 틀에서 볼 때 복지국가로서의 면모를 갖추게 되었다. 이런 맥락에서 국내학계에서도 한국 복지국가의 성장과정과 그 특징에 대한 다양한 연구들이 늘어나고 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 많은 연구들이 서구 선진 복지국가들의 역사적 경험을 바탕으로 발전된 에스핑-안데르센의 복지유형론이 그 준거 틀로서 많이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 에스핑-안데르센의 복지체제 유형론이 한국을 비롯한 동아시아 맥락에서 적용되었을 때의 문제점들을 가지고 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 에스핑-안데르센의 복지유형론을 비판적으로 검토하고, 최근 비교정치경제분야에서 새롭게 부상하고 있는 자본주의 다양성(varieties of capitalism)의 시각을 보완한 새로운 분석틀을 제시하고 한국의 복지제도의 역사적 발전과정을 재해석 하였다. 그럼으로써, 그동안에 한국복지제도의 성장과 발전과정에서의 그동안 간과해왔던 인과관계들을 밝히고, 한국의 사회변동의 격동기라고 할 수 있는 IMF 경제위기의 복지제도의 변화를 설명할 수 있는 이론적 틀과 경험적 인과적 설명을 위한 기초를 제공하고 한다.
Abstract
The "productive welfare" reforms undertaken by the Kim Dae Jung government during the IMF financial crisis became an important historical event in upgrading the previous Korean welfare system into "the Korea welfare state." This expansion of the welfare system in Korea triggered some interesting academic explanations as well as debates about the natures of the Korean welfare system as well as the productive welfare reforms. The Esping-Andersen's three models of welfare regime had been predominantly applied to those efforts. However, his analytical framework revealed many problems and limitations when it applied to the East Asian context as well as the Korean case where the welfare system had its own developmental logics. Being aware of this critical problem, this paper adopts the perspectives of "the varieties of capitalism", which is emphasizing the role of production regime in the development of the welfare regime, develops a synthesis model enabling us to explaining some peculiar historical developmental pathways of the Korean welfare policies, and reinterprets some important causalities that the previous studies had dismissed. By doing so, this paper ultimately aims at providing new analytical and empirical bases for the next studies of the post-crisis development of the Korean production and welfare regimes.
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