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일자리 질 범주의 기준에 대한 탐색적 연구: 나쁜 일자리의 노동자는 실업자보다 행복한가?

Exploratory Study on Job Quality Criteria: Are Workers in Bad Jobs Happier Than the Unemployed?

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초록

다차원적인 일자리 질의 서열 척도를 통해 식별되는 나쁜 일자리에 관한 기준과 측정방법, 이론적 및 정책적 논의는 그 필요성과 중요성에 비해 충분히 논의되지 않았다. 본 연구는 대졸자 경력이동조사의 5개년도 원자료를 사용하여 확장실업과 취업, 취업자의 일자리 질과 주관적 웰빙 간의 관계를 바탕으로 일자리 질 범주를 식별하였다. 그리고 자발적 이직, 주관적 건강, 주관적 웰빙과 일자리 질 범주 간의 관계를 분석하여 범주 분류의 타당성을 확인하였다. 연구 결과로서 첫째, 청년의 일자리 질 중에서 나쁜 일자리, 즉 일자리가 있지만 확장실업 상태에 있는 청년보다 주관적 웰빙 수준이 더 낮은 청년의 비중이 28.3%이고, 일자리가 있는 청년의 주관적 웰빙 중위수보다 낮지만 나쁜 일자리의 청년보다는 높은 부실한 일자리의 청년은 19.3%이었다. 둘째, 일자리 질은 주관적 웰빙 수준에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고, 나쁜 일자리에서 좋은 일자리로 갈수록 주관적 웰빙 수준이 높아짐을 확인하였다. 또한 나쁜 일자리의 청년은 확장실업 상태의 청년보다 평균적으로 주관적 웰빙 수준이 낮음을 검증하였다. 셋째, 좋은 일자리는 나쁜 일자리보다 자발적인 이직을 준비할 확률이 현저히 낮아지고 주관적인 건강 수준이 높음을 확인하였다. 또한 나쁜 일자리의 청년은 확장실업 상태의 청년보다 평균적으로 건강 수준이 낮음을 검증하였다. 넷째, 종사상의 지위 또는 고용 형태가 보통 일자리 질의 대용 변수로 활용되지만, 이러한 범주 구분이 일자리 질 척도로 사용되기에는 한계가 분명함을 확인하였다. 따라서 단순히 일자리 질이 낮은 비정규직을 줄이자는 논의는 대상과 기준이 명확하지 않은 담론에 그칠 수 있으며, 나쁜 일자리의 청년이 확장실업 상태의 청년보다 건강과 행복 수준이 낮음을 고려하면 정책적 관심이 집중되어야 할 대상은 나쁜 일자리라는 것이다. 본 연구는 일자리 질의 범주를 구분하고 범주에 따른 효과 차이를 실증함으로써 일자리 질에 관한 사회경제적인 논의에서 초점을 분명히 하고 정책 대상을 정확히 식별하였다는 기여가 있다.

Abstract

The criteria and measurement of bad jobs, as identified through multidimensional job quality hierarchy scales, have been under-discussed relative to their importance. Using five years of raw data from the Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS), this study identifies ordinal categories of job quality based on the relationship between extended unemployment and employment and between job quality and subjective well-being; the bad, poor, decent, and good jobs. The relationships between criterion variables, which include voluntary turnover, subjective health, and well-being, and the job quality categories were then analyzed to confirm the validity of the categorization. The results of the study showed that, first, 28.3% of youths had bad job quality, i.e., lower levels of subjective well-being than youths who had no jobs in terms of extended unemployment, and 19.3% had poor job quality, i.e., lower than the median level of subjective well-being of youths who had jobs but higher than youths in bad jobs. Second, the index and the ordinal categories of job quality positively affected subjective well-being and the levels of well-being of youths in bad and poor jobs were not greater than that of youths in extended unemployment. Third, youth in good jobs are significantly less likely than youth in bad jobs to prepare for a voluntary job turnover and young adult's perceived health increases as the ladder of job quality moves from bad to good jobs. Fourth, while occupational status or employment type is often used as a proxy to imply job quality, these classifications do not have clear and sufficient meaning regarding job quality. Therefore, discussions about bad jobs, not contingent or temporary jobs, should be encouraged, and reducing bad jobs should be a policy goal to sustain our society and economy. By distinguishing job quality with ordinal categories and demonstrating the differential effects of each category, this study contributes to clarifying the focus of socioeconomic discussions on job quality and pinpointing policy targets.

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