협동조합의 생존에 NK 모형 적용을 위한 탐색적 연구
An Exploratory Approach to Cooperatives Longevity through NK Model
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
기업이기도 하고 결사체이기도 한 협동조합은 그에 따른 다양한 면모를 갖는다. 변화하는 환경 속에서도 오랜 전통을 유지하며 적응과 진화를 하고 있는 협동조합은 신자유주의, 세계화, 금융화의파고 속에서 무한경쟁 상태에 놓여있다. 협동조합이 겪어온 역사와 선행문헌에 대한 연구는 이 조직의 생명력에 핵심 역할을 하는 요소들을 식별하게 해준다: 재무적 안정성, 조직(조합)의 규모, 제도적 지원, 가치/원칙 준수성, 투자 용이성, 의사결정의 합리성, 목표의 명확성, 집단의 동질성, 그리고 사회적 기여가 그것이다. 이 논문에서 제시하는 9가지 차원은 모두 협동조합 생존에 필수적인요소로서 하나의 요소가 종속변수(생존)에 영향을 주지만, 다른 요소(차원)들과도 상호의존적이어서결과에 예측할 수 없는 복잡성을 추가시킨다. 협동조합의 흥망성쇠를 설명하는 기존 이론들은 여기서 제시된 차원 중 일부를 설명하지만, 서로 간에 연결된 복잡성을 추적하지 못한다. 그렇기에 NK 모형을 적용하여 협동조합의 생존을 설명하고자 한다. 제시된 9개 차원의 대표변수를 추출하고(N=9), 우리나라 소비자협동조합의 상황과 사례를 통해 협동조합 생존요인 간의 상호의존성을 추론해본 결과 K값은 6.89로 나타났다. 이 값은 이론적 최대치인 8에 근접한 수치로, 협동조합 생존의필수요소들에 대한 단편적 연구로는 실제 협동조합의 생존을 설명할 수 없으며, NK 모형적 사고를통해 접근할 필요가 있다는 결론이 도출된다. 더불어 기존 협동조합 성과 및 생존 이론들과 향후 진행 방향을 정리한다.
Abstract
Cooperatives, which are both companies and associations, have various aspects in which they have maintained a long tradition and have evolved in a changing environment even in an infinite state of competition in the wave of neoliberalism, globalization, and financialization. Research into the history and literatures of cooperatives has identified key factors in the vitality of this organization: financial stability, organization size, institutional support, value/principle compliance, investment potential, rationality of decision-making, clarity of goals, group homogeneity, and social contribution. While all nine dimensions presented in this paper are essential factors for cooperative survival, one factor not only affects the dependent variable (survival), but is also interdependent with the other factors, adding an unpredictable complexity to the result. Existing theories explaining the rise and fall of cooperatives utilize some of the dimensions presented here, but they fail to track the interrelated complexity. Therefore, the NK Model is applied to explore the possibility of explaining the survival of cooperatives. By extracting the representative variables of 9 dimensions previously presented (N=9), and inferring the interdependence among the factors of cooperative survival through the case of consumer cooperatives in Korea, the K value was found to be 6.89. This value is close to the theoretical maximum of 8, indicating that a fragmented study of the essential elements for survival cannot explain the actual survival of cooperatives. It is concluded that an approach using NK model thinking is necessary. Additionally, the existing cooperative performance and survival theories are summarized, along with future directions.
참고문헌 (134)
- 염찬희, "한국 협동조합 연구 경향 분석: 1983년~2014년의 『한국협동조합연구』 게재 논문을 중심으로", 한국협동조합연구, 33(3), pp.91~108 (2015), 한국협동조합학회[DOI]
- 오춘희, "의료복지사회적협동조합의 제도변화", 한국협동조합연구, 38(1), pp.155~184 (2020), 한국협동조합학회[DOI]
- 이호택, "슈퍼마켓 협동조합 가맹점 성과의 결정요인 - 거래비용이론과 네트워크이론을 중심으로 -", 유통연구, 21(4), pp.25~44 (2016), 한국유통학회
- 장종익, "이탈리아, 몬드라곤, 프랑스 노동자협동조합 발전시스템에 관한 비교분석", 한국협동조합연구, 31(2), pp.209~230 (2013), 한국협동조합학회[DOI]
- Adrian, Jr. J. L., "Agricultural Cooperative Managers and the Business Environment", Journal of Agribusiness, 19(1), pp.17~33 (2001)
- Amin, A., "Placing the Social Economy" (2002), Routledge
- Arustamov, E., "Intra-System Problems and Management Factors for Improving the Performance of Consumer Cooperatives in the Russian Federation", Сo-operation and Sustainable Development, 245, pp.969~974 (2022)
- Attwood, D. M., "Why Do Some Co-operatives Work but Not Others? A Comparative Analysis of Sugar Co-operatives in India", Economic and Political Weekly, 22(26), pp.38~56 (1987)
- Aughenbaugh, J. M., "The role and limitations of modeling and simulation in systems design", ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition, 47047, pp.13~22 (2004)
- Bager, T., "Isomorphic Processes and the Transformation of Cooperatives", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 65(1), pp.35~54 (1994)
- Barney, J., "Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage", Journal of Management, 17(1), pp.99~120 (1991)
- Barton, L., "Crisis in organizations: Managing and communicating in the heat of chaos" (1993), South-Western Publishing Company
- Battilani, P., "The Co-operative Business Movement, 1950 to the Present" (2012), Cambridge University Press
- Baum, J. A., "Don’t go it alone : Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology", Strategic management journal, 21(3), pp.267~294 (2000)
- Baumann, O., "Effective Search in Rugged Performance Landscapes : A Review and Outlook", Journal of Management, 45(1), pp.285~318 (2019)
- Becchetti, L., "The cooperative bank difference before and after the global financial crisis", Journal of International Money and Finance, 69, pp.224~246 (2016)
- Birchall, J., "The international co-operative movement" (1997), Manchester Uni-versity Press
- Birchall, J., "Resilience of the cooperative business model in times of crisis" (2009), International Labour Organisation
- Birchall, J., "The Role and Potential of Co-operatives in the Poverty Reduction Process : A research agenda", Journal of Co-operative Studies, 40(1), pp.43~51 (2007)
- Bontis, N., "A causal model of human capital antecedents and consequents in the financial services industry", Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(1), pp.53~69 (2009)
- Bourne, M., "Implementing performance measurement systems : a literature review", International Journal of Business Performance Management, 5(1), pp.1~24 (2003)
- Boyer, K. K., "Competitive priorities : investigating the need for trade-offs in operations strategy", Production and operations management, 11(1), pp.9~20 (2002)
- Buckland, R., "Organizational Structure, Objectives and Agency Relationships in Banking Services : The Cases of the Crédit Agricole and Trustee Savings Banks", Annales de l’économie publique, sociale et cooperative, 62(3), pp.355~391 (1991)
- Carlberg, J., "Success Factors for New Generation Cooperatives", International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 9(1), pp.33~52 (2006)
- Carson, J. M., "Changes in Ownership Structure : Theory and Evidence from Life Insurer Demutualizations", Journal of Insurance Issues, 21, pp.1~22 (1998)
- Cazzuffi, C., "Causes and Consequences of Institutional and Governance Change in Cooperative Firms: The Case of Agricultural Processing and Marketing Cooperatives in Italy and in the US" (2009), Imprese e storia
- Chaddad, F., "The Economics of Organization Structure Changes : An Us Perspective on Demutualization", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 75(4), pp.575~594 (2004)
- Chaddad, F., "Advancing the theory of the cooperative organization : the cooperative as a true hybrid", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 83(4), pp.445~461 (2012)
- Chloupkova, J., "Building and destroying social capital : The case of cooperative movements in Denmark and Poland", Agriculture and Human Values, 20, pp.241~252 (2003)
- Collins, R. A., "The Conversion of Cooperatives to Publicly Held Corporations : A Financial Analysis of Limited Evidence", Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 16(2), pp.326~330 (1991)
- Cook, M. L., "Redesigning Cooperative Boundaries : The Emergence of New Models", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 86(5), pp.1249~1253 (2004)
- Cook, M. L., "A cooperative life cycle framework", University of Missouri Dept. of Agricultural Economics, ~ (2009)
- Cook, M. L., "The Future of U. S. Agricultural Cooperatives : A Neo-Institutional Approach", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(5), pp.1153~1159 (1995)
- Davis, P., "Cooperative values : Change and continuity in capital accumulation the case of the British Cooperative Bank", Journal of Business Ethics, 12(11), pp.849~859 (1993)
- Di Maggio, "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields", American Sociological Review, 48(2), pp.147~160 (1983)
- Egger, A., "Contributions of cooperative self-help to economic and social development", pp.543~575 (2009), Lit Verlag
- Ekberg, E., "Det humanistiske fakultet", pp.254~258 (1950), Universiteteti Oslo
- Ekberg, E., "Confronting three revolutions : Western European consumer cooperatives and their divergent development 1950-2008", Business History, 54(6), pp.1004~1021 (2012)
- Epstein, G. A., "Financialization and the world economy" (2005), Edward Elgar Publishing
- Evans, L., "A Dynamic Theory of Cooperatives : The Link between Efficiency and Valuation", Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 162(2), pp.364~383 (2006)
- Finch, J., "The Role of Multiple Consumption Values in Consumer Cooperative Patronage : An Application of the Theoty of Market Choice Behavior", Journal of Marketing Management, 8(1), pp.44~56 (1988)
- Fiordelisi, F., "Competition and financial stability in European cooperative banks", Journal of international money and finance, 45, pp.1~16 (2014)
- Fitzgerald, J. F., "Demutualization case studies : a 20 years history", Journal of insurance regulation, 9(2), pp.287~310 (1990)
- Fulton, J. R., "Factors That Influence the Commitment of Members to Their Cooperative Organization", Journal of Agricultural Cooperation, 8, pp.39~53 (1993)
- Fulton, M. E., "The Future of Canadian Agricultural Cooperatives : A Property Rights Approach", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(5), pp.1144~1152 (1995)
- Fulton, M. E., "A Cooperative Approach to Local Economic Development (Westport)", pp.11~24 (2001), Greenwood Publishing Group
- Ganco, M., "NK model as a representation of innovative search", Research Policy, 46(10), pp.1783~1800 (2017)
- Garvin, D. A., "Competing on the eight dimensions of quality", Harvard Business Review, 65, pp.101~109 (1987)
- Garvin, D. A., "What does product quality really mean", Sloan Management Review, 26(1), pp.25~43 (1984)
- Giannoccaro, I., "Centralized vs. decentralized supply chains : The importance of decision maker’s cognitive ability and resistance to change", Industrial Marketing Management, 73, pp.59~69 (2018)
- Grashuis, J., "A structural equation model of cooperative member satisfaction and long-term commitment", International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 22(2), pp.247~263 (2019)
- Grott, R., "Why Co-ops Die: An Historical Analysis", Cooperative Grocer, 9 (1987)[DOI]
- Gulati, R., "Strategic networks", Strategic management journal, 21(3), pp.203~215 (2000)
- Hafizah, H., "Factors affecting performance of co-operatives in Malaysia", Journal of productivity and performance management, 65(5), pp.641~671 (2016)
- Hannachi, M., "The"new agricultural collectivism" : How cooperatives horizontal coordination drive multi-stakeholders’ self-organization", Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 8(2), pp.100~111 (2020)
- Hannan, M. T., "Organisational Ecology" (1989), Harvard University Press
- Hannan, M. T., "The population ecology of organizations", American Journal of Sociology, 8, pp.929~964 (1977)
- Hansen, E. L., "Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth", Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 19(4), pp.7~19 (1995)
- Hansmann, H., "Individual and social responsibility: Child care, education, medical care, and long-term care in America", pp.245~276 (1996), University of Chicago Press
- Hart, O., "The Governance of Exchanges : Members’ Cooperatives versus Outside Ownership", Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 12(4), pp.53~69 (1996)
- Harte, L. N., "Strategies and Structures in the Agro-food Industries", pp.111~130 (1997), Van Gorcum and Co
- Haveman, H. A., "Between a rock and a hard place : Organizational change and performance under conditions of fundamental environmental transformation", Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(1), pp.48~75 (1992)
- Hawley, A. H., "International Encyclopedia of the Social Science" (1968), Macmillan
- Hayes, R. H., "Manufacturing strategy : at the intersection of two paradigm shifts", Production and operations management, 5(1), pp.25~41 (1996)
- Helmberger, P., "Cooperative enterprise and organization theory", Journal of Farm Economics, 44(2), pp.275~290 (1962)
- Helmberger, P. G., "Cooperative Enterprise as a Structural Dimension of Farm Markets", Journal of Farm Economics, 46(3), pp.603~617 (1964)
- Hind, A. M., "Co-operative Life Cycles and Goals", Journal of Agricultural Economics, 50(3), pp.536~548 (1999)
- Hogeland, J. A., "The economic culture of US agricultural cooperatives", Culture & Agriculture, 28(2), pp.67~79 (2006)
- Höhler, J., "Dimesions of Member Heterogeneity in Cooperatives and their Impact on Organization-A Literature Review", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 89(4), pp.697~712 (2018)
- Holland, J. H., "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems" (1975), University of Michigan Press
- Holmstrom, B., "Future of Cooperatives : A Corporate Perspective", Journal of Business Economics, 48(4), pp.404~417 (1999)
- Hosmer, D. W., "Confidence interval estimates of an index of quality performance based on logistic regression models", Statistics in medicine, 14(19), pp.2161~2172 (1995)
- "International Cooperative Alliance Statement of the co-operative identity" (1995)[URL]
- Indar, K., "Performance measurement : An evaluation of co-operative performance in Malaysia", Malaysian Journal of Co-operative Management, 2, pp.1~17 (2006)
- "Personal Assistance Services Cooperatives: A Final Report" (2007)[URL]
- Jany-Catrice, F., "A political economy of social impact measurement", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 93(2), pp.267~291 (2022)
- John, G., "An Empirical Investigation of Some Antecedents of Opportunism in a Marketing Channel", Journal of Marketing Research, 21, pp.278~289 (1984)[DOI]
- Kalmi, P., "The disappearance of co-operatives from economics textbooks", Cambridge Journal of Economics, 31, pp.625~647 (2007)
- Kauffman, S., "The Origins of Order" (1993), Oxford University Press
- Khan, H. H., "Factors affecting performance of co-operatives in Malaysia", International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(5), pp.641~671 (2006)
- Kramper, P., "Comparative perspectives in business history", pp.126~149 (1950), Cambridge University Press
- Lawrence, T. B., "The Temporal Dynamics of Institutionalization", Academy of Management Review, 26(4), pp.624~644 (2001)
- Lazer, D., "The network structure of exploration and exploitation", Administrative science quarterly, 52(4), pp.667~694 (2007)
- Levi, Y., "Cooperatives as the"enfants terribles"of economics : Some implications for the social economy", The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(6), pp.2178~2188 (2008)
- Levinthal, D. A., "Adaptation on Rugged Landscapes", Management Science, 43(7), pp.934~950 (1997)
- Macal, C. M., "Tutorial on agent-based modelling and simulation", Journal of Simulation, 4(3), pp.151~162 (2010)
- Macpherson, C. B., "Property : Mainstream and Critical Positions" (1978), University of Toronto Press
- Mahazril, Y., "Factors affecting cooperatives’performance in relation to strategic planning and members’ participation", Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, pp.100~105 (2012)[DOI]
- March, J., "Organizations" (1958), John Wiley & Co
- Mayers, D., "Ownership Structure and Control : PropertyCasualty Insurer Conversions to Stock Charter", Journal of Financial Services Research, 21, pp.117~144 (2002)
- Michels, R., "Materialien zu einer Soziologie des Fremden", ~ (1925)
- Nelson, R. R., "An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change", pp.1982, Belknap Press
- Noordin, N., "Dividend and profit allocation practices of performing cooperatives in Malaysia", Oñati Socio-legal Series, 2(2), pp.156~176 (2012)
- Novkovic, S., "Co-operatives in a Post-growth Era: Creating co-operative economics" (2014), Zed Books Ltd
- Novkovic, S., "Cooperative identity as a yardstick for transformative change", Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 93(2), pp.313~336 (2022)
- Pathak, R. D., "The Key Factors Contributing to Successful Performance of Cooperatives in Fiji for Building a Harmonious Society", International Journal of Public Administration, 31(6), pp.690~706 (2008)
- Pérotin, V., "Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and LaborManaged Firms, Vol. 8" (2004), Elsevier
- Pérotin, V., "Entry, exit, and the business cycle : are cooperatives different?", Journal of Comparative Economics, 34(2), pp.295~316 (2006)
- Porter, M. E., "What is strategy?", Harvard Business Review, 74(6), pp.61~78 (1996)
- Putnam, R. D., "Making Democracy Work : Civic traditions in modern Italy" (1993), Princeton University Press
- Rand, W., "Agent-based modeling in marketing : Guidelines for rigor", International Journal of research in Marketing, 28(3), pp.181~193 (2011)
- Rivkin, J. W., "Imitation of complex strategies", Management Science, 46(6), pp.824~844 (2000)
- Roulstone, A., "Disabled people, choices and collective organisation : Examining the potential of cooperatives in future social support", Disability & Society, 30(6), pp.849~864 (2015)
- Royer, J. S., "Patronage Refunds, Producer Expectations, and Optimal Pricing by Agricultural Cooperatives", Journal of Cooperatives, 20, pp.1~16 (2007)
- Schreyögg, G., "Organizational Path Dependence : A Process View", Organization Studies, 32(3), pp.321~335 (2011)
- Schroeder, T. C., "Economies of scale and scope for agricultural supply and marketing cooperatives", Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 14(1), pp.93~103 (1992)
- Schröter, H. G., "Americanization of the European Economy : A compact survey of American economic influence in Europe since the 1800s" (2005), Springer
- Factors Critical to the Success or Failure of Emerging Agricultural Cooperatives, "Sexton, R. J.", Univ. of California, ~, pp.Giannini Foundation Information Series No. 88-3 (1988)
- Shah, T., "Catalysing Co-operation : design of self-governing organisations" (1996), Sage
- Shakir, K. A., "The Link between Human Capital and Cooperatives Performance", Journal of Entre-preneurship Education, 23(1), pp.1~11 (2020)
- Siggelkow, N., "Speed and search : Designing organizations for turbulence and complexity", Organization Science, 16(2), pp.101~122 (2005)
- Siggelkow, N., "Evolution toward fit", Administrative science quarterly, 47(1), pp.125~159 (2002)
- Simmons, R., "Cooperatives and poverty reduction : Findings from a research project", Journal of Co-operative Studies, 43(3), pp.43~46 (2010)
- Simon, H. A., "The architecture of complexity", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106, pp.467~482 (1962)
- Singh, J. V., "Organizational change and organizational mortality", Administrative Science Quarterly, 31, pp.587~611 (1986)
- Singh, P. J., "Beyond the trade-off and cumulative capabilities models : alternative models of operations strategy", International Journal of Production Research, 53(13), pp.4001~4020 (2015)
- Smith, J. M., "Evolutionary Genetics" (1989), Oxford University Press
- Soboh, R. A., "Performance measurement of the agricultural marketing cooperatives : the gap between theory and practice", Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 31(3), pp.446~469 (2009)
- Stephens, M., "Building Society Demutualisation in the UK", Housing Studies, 16(3), pp.335~352 (2001)
- Svendsen, G. J. H., "Measuring social capital : The Danish co-operative dairy movement", Sociologia Ruralis, 40(1), pp.72~86 (2000)
- Tayler, G., "UK building society demutualisation motives", Business Ethics : A European Review, 12(4), pp.394~402 (2003)
- Van Beusekom, M. M., "Individualism, Community, and Cooperatives in the Development Thinking of the Union Soudanaise-RDA 1946-1960", African Studies Review, 51(2), pp.1~25 (2008)
- Viswanathan, K. S., "Ownership structure changes in the insurance industry : An analysis of demutualization", Journal of Risk and Insurance, 70(3), pp.401~437 (2003)
- Ward, B., "The Firm in Illyria : Market Syndicalism", American Economic Review, 48, pp.566~589 (1958)
- Webb, S., "Special Supplement on Co-operative Production and Profit Sharing", New Statesman, 2, pp.20~ (1914)[DOI]
- Weik, K. E., "The collapse of sensemaking in organizations : The Mann Gulch disaster", STUDI ORGANIZZATIVI, 2008(2) (2009)
- Williamson, O. E., "The economics of organization : The transaction cost approach", American journal of sociology, 87(3), pp.548~577 (1981)
- Wright, S., "The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution", International Congress of Genetics, pp.355~356 (1932)
- Yadoo, A., "The value of cooperatives in rural electrification", Energy policy, 38(6), pp.2941~2947 (2010)
- Zamagni, S., "Cooperative Enterprise : Facing the Challenge of Globalization" (2010), Edward Elgar
- Zamagni, S., "Handbook on the Economics of Reciprocity and Social Enterprise" (2013), Edward Elgar
- Zamagni, S., "The Impact of Cooperatives on Civil and Connective Capital", das Paper wurde bei der Euricse Konferenz in Venedig präsentiert(Euricse Conference in Venice) (2012)
- Zeithmal, V. A., "Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value : a meanend model and synthesis of evidence", Journal of marketing, 52(3), pp.2~22 (1988)
