동태적 패널자료 모형을 이용한 중소기업의 자본구조 조정속도 추정
Estimating the Adjustment Speed of Korean SMEs to their Optimal Capital Structure Using the Dynamic Panel Data Model
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본 연구는 국내 중소기업 자료를 이용해 최적자본구조(optimal capital structure)로의 조정속도(speed of adjustment)를 추정하였다. 이를 위해 동태적 패널자료 모형인 Arellano and Bover(1995)의 시스템(system) GMM을 이용하였다. 추정결과에 따르면 국내 중소기업의 자본구조 조정속도는 목표부채비율과의 괴리정도에 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 목표부채비율과의 거리(distance)와 조정속도와 마이너스 관계가 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 국내 중소기업은 괴리정도가 크지 않을 때 적극적으로 목표부채비율로 조정함을 의미한다. 이 밖에도 기업규모(size), 재무적 유연성(financial flexibility)이 조정속도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되었다. 목표부채비율로의 조정속도는 평균적으로 0.7210으로 추정되었다. 이는 국내 연구뿐만 아니라 해외연구에 비해 상당히 높은 수준이다. 이로부터 국내 중소기업은 목표부채비율로 회귀하는데 1년 5개월 정도의 시간이 소요된다는 것을 알 수 있다. 전체 관측수 45,475개를 기준으로 93.38%인 42,465개의 조종속도가 을 보여 국내 중소기업의 대부분은 합리적으로 자본구조를 조정하는 것으로 나타났다. 국내 중소기업은 전기 실제부채비율이 금기의 목표부채비율보다 높은 과도부채 상태일 때 자본구조를 더 빨리 조정하는 것으로 나타났다. 최적비율(optimality ratio) 평균이 1에 가까워 실제부채비율과 목표부채비율간의 괴리가 크지 않은 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 국내 중소기업은 목표부채비율에 크게 벗어나지 않은 상태에서 기업을 경영하고 있다는 것을 의미한다.
Abstract
This study estimates the speed of adjustment of Korean small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to the target debt ratio when they are apart from the optimal debt ratio. For estimation, we apply the dynamic panel data model, namely, system GMM of Arellano and Bover (1995), which estimates equations in levels as well as in first-differences. The estimation shows that Korean SMEs consider the distance between optimal and observed debt ratio as main factor when they determine the speed of adjustment. That is, the explanatory variable distance, defined as the absolute difference between optimal leverage ratio and observed debt ratio, is negatively related to the speed of adjustment, implying that Korean SMEs adjust faster if their observed debt ratio is not far from the target, and vice versa. The average of adjustment speed toward target debt ratio turned out to be 0.7210. This result seems relatively high than other overseas and domestic studies. From this, we can easily infer that a firm will take around one year and 5 months, to cover the gap to the target. The proportion of observations in the interval is 93.38%, meaning the most of Korean SMEs show rational financial behavior. Also, Korean SMEs reduce the debt more strongly when they are in the over-levered than increase the debt when they are in the under-levered. The optimality ratio is around 1, implying the observed debt ratio is very close to the target. This means that Korean SMEs keep the finance status in not allowing the large gap between the observed and target debt ratio.
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