무엇이 트라우마인가? 진화심리학적 측면에서 본 트라우마의 이해와 분류
What is Trauma? Understanding and Classification based on the Evolutionary Perspective
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초록
본 연구에서는 진화심리학적 관점에 근거하여 트라우마를 이해하고 분류하고자 하였다. 생명체는 개체 보존과 종족 보존을 자연적 목표로 하며 트라우마는 유기체의 생존과 안전 및 번성을 위협하는 심각한 사건이다. 이에 대한 두려움-기억 회로 및 철수, 공격적 대응, 회피, 유화, 주의 부동, 긴장성 부동 등은 진화과정에서 내장된 트라우마의 핵심적 반응이자 대처기전이다. 본 연구에서는 중생대-신생대-구석기 시대-신석기 시대의 각 진화적 시기 별로 인류의 조상들이 진화적 적응환경에서 당면해 온 위협들을 적대적 자연에 의한 위협, 종간 경쟁에 의한 위협, 종내 경쟁-집단간 경쟁 및 집단내 경쟁에 의한 위협, 발달 외상 및 인위적 위협 등으로 구분하고 각각에 따른 외상적 사건을 분류하였다. DSM-5의 외상 및 외상후 스트레스 진단체계는 진화 과정에서 출현한 인간 종의 고유한 특성, 즉 심리적 안전의 중요도, 발달 외상과 관계 외상 및 개체의 취약성 등을 간과하고 있다. 또한 진화심리학적 측면에서 외상에 대한 치료적 시사점 및 본 연구의 한계점을 논하였다.
Abstract
This study was based on evolutionary psychology perspective to understand and classify trauma. Organisms naturally targets conservation and preservation of species and trauma is a serious incident that threatens the survival, safety and flourish of the organism. Fear-memory circuits, withdrawal, aggressive defense, appeasement, attentive immobility, tonic immobility and etc. followed by the incidents are core reactions and coping mechanisms of trauma which are built in during the evolutionary process. In this study, we separated the time by each evolutionary era (Mesozoic-Cenozoic -Paleolithic -Neolithic) also, separated and classified the threats that human ancestors faced in the environment of evolutionary adaptation into several types; threats by hostile nature, threats posed by intraspecific competition - intergroup competition and intragroup competition, traumatic events such as interspecies competition threats, a developmental trauma, artificial threats etc. The DSM-5 diagnostic system for Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder has overlooked the unique characteristics of human beings, in other words, the importance of psychological safety as well as the developmental trauma and object relation trauma, and vulnerability of the objects that emerged in the evolution of the human species. In addition, we also discussed therapeutic implications on trauma on evolutionary perspective.
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