唐 後期 宦官의 養子制를 통한 권력 세습과 內諸司使
Adoption System and Hereditary succession of power of Eunuch in Late T'ang period
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The level of eunuchs’ political participation rose to an unprecedented level in the late T’ang dynasty. They not only exercised political authority for themselves but also tried to transfer their power to an adopted eunuch son. In the early T’ang dynasty, the eunuchs’ adoption system had already existed. However, before Emperor Dezong (德宗) established the order of Commissioners of the various internal offices, even powerful Eunuchs could not inherit their own power as a eunuch. The most famous eunuch of the T’ang dynasty, Gao Li-shi (高力士), would be a typical example of this phenomenon. After the ruin of the T’ang dynasty, Gao Li-shi was always designated to the main villain who strengthened the power of eunuchs. However, he himself was not the successor of his adoptive father’s eunuch power and could not succeed his eunuch power to his adoptive sons. After the Dezong period, hereditary succession of power became routinized through the adoption system. The most valuable commissioner of the various internal offices (內諸司使) including Shencezhongwei (神策中尉) or Shumishi (樞密使) became transferred from the adoptive father to his adoptive son. Ordering of the commissioner of the various internal offices in the Dezong period made it possible. Shumishi and Shencezhongwei were created by Emperor Daizong (代宗) and Dezong. These two commissioners soon became the apex of all commissioners of the various internal offices. To become a commissioner, the applicant needed a recommendation from a higher commissioner. Unlike the general public offices, the Board of Personnel (吏部) did not have the right to intervene in the appointment of commissioners. Since the appointment of commissioners was the Emperor’s unique privilege, the Emperor could take personnel measures at his own convenience. For this reason, the appointment of commissioners was recognized as an important tool to increase the emperor’s power. However, the recommendation of senior officials was important in finding the right person. While the emperor's power was increased, so was the power of the eunuch; eunuchs even succeeded their power to their adopted sons using a referral system.
Abstract
The level of eunuchs’ political participation rose to an unprecedented level in the late T’ang dynasty. They not only exercised political authority for themselves but also tried to transfer their power to an adopted eunuch son. In the early T’ang dynasty, the eunuchs’ adoption system had already existed. However, before Emperor Dezong (德宗) established the order of Commissioners of the various internal offices, even powerful Eunuchs could not inherit their own power as a eunuch. The most famous eunuch of the T’ang dynasty, Gao Li-shi (高力士), would be a typical example of this phenomenon. After the ruin of the T’ang dynasty, Gao Li-shi was always designated to the main villain who strengthened the power of eunuchs. However, he himself was not the successor of his adoptive father’s eunuch power and could not succeed his eunuch power to his adoptive sons. After the Dezong period, hereditary succession of power became routinized through the adoption system. The most valuable commissioner of the various internal offices (內諸司使) including Shencezhongwei (神策中尉) or Shumishi (樞密使) became transferred from the adoptive father to his adoptive son. Ordering of the commissioner of the various internal offices in the Dezong period made it possible. Shumishi and Shencezhongwei were created by Emperor Daizong (代宗) and Dezong. These two commissioners soon became the apex of all commissioners of the various internal offices. To become a commissioner, the applicant needed a recommendation from a higher commissioner. Unlike the general public offices, the Board of Personnel (吏部) did not have the right to intervene in the appointment of commissioners. Since the appointment of commissioners was the Emperor’s unique privilege, the Emperor could take personnel measures at his own convenience. For this reason, the appointment of commissioners was recognized as an important tool to increase the emperor’s power. However, the recommendation of senior officials was important in finding the right person. While the emperor's power was increased, so was the power of the eunuch; eunuchs even succeeded their power to their adopted sons using a referral system.
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