리쇼어링․니어쇼어링의 실패 요인과 해운․항만 산업에 미치는 영향: 문헌 연구를 중심으로
Failure of Reshoring and Nearshoring, and the Impact on the Maritime Transport and Port Industry: A Literature Review
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초록
코로나19로 인해 많은 기업들의 글로벌 공급사슬이 붕괴하였다. 코로나19로 인해 공급사슬 일부에서 문제가 발생한 경우전체 공급사슬이 중단되었으며, 공급사슬 참여 기업들에게 큰 피해가 발생하였다. 최근 예기치 못한 공급사슬 붕괴에 대비한 다양한 해결 방안들이 논의되고 있는데, 특히 기업 제조 시설을 재배치하는 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링 전략이 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링에 대한 연구는 코로나 사태 이전부터 시작되었지만, 아직 성공적 추진을 위한 핵심요인이나 추진 효과를 실증적으로 규명하는 연구는 많이 발표되지 않았다. 이에 본 연구는 코로나19 이후 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링 전략이 주목받게 된 배경과 주요 실패 요인, 해운․항만 분야 기업들에 미치는 영향에 대한 선행 연구들을 종합하여 향후 실증 연구를 진행하기 위한 토대를 마련하고자 3단계 문헌 연구를 수행하였다. 1단계 문헌 연구에서는 공급사슬 중단으로 인해 많은 주목을 받는 공급사슬 단축 방안들에 대해 살펴보았다. 2단계 문헌 연구에서는 공급사슬 단축의주요 방안 중 하나인 리쇼어링 및 니어쇼어링의 실패 사례와 원인을 검토하였다. 3단계 문헌 연구에서는 기업들의 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링 추진이 해운․항만 산업에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보았다. 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링을 추진하여 공급사슬재편을 고려 중인 기업들은 과거 실패 사례와 선행 연구로부터 규명된 실패 요인들을 참고하여 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링 추진에 대한 신중한 의사 결정을 내리는 것이 필요하다. 또한 효과적인 리쇼어링․니어쇼어링 전략과 효과를 실증적으로 검증하기 위한 학계의 연구도 요구된다.
Abstract
The global supply chain has collapsed during the COVID-19 crisis. Various solutions have been suggested to avoid sudden supply chain disruptions, and among them, reshoring and nearshoring are attracting much attention. Research on reshoring and nearshoring began before the COVID-19, but not many studies have been published to identify key components of successful reshoring and nearshoring, or empirically verify the effects of reshoring or nearshoring on firms’ performance. This study provided a theoretical foundation for future empirical studies on reshoring and nearshoring by reviewing previous research. The literature review was conducted in three stages. Firstly, the studies on supply chain disruption during COVID-19 and the rise of reshoring and nearshoring as solutions were reviewed. Secondly, the reshoring or nearshoring failure cases were explored, and the main challenges were identified. Lastly, the impact of reshoring and nearshoring on the maritime transport and port industry was summarized. Companies need to carefully choose between reshoring or nearshoring by referring to the failed cases and key challenges identified from previous studies. Academic research is also required to empirically verify effective reshoring or nearshoring strategies and effects.
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