프랑스 생명윤리법 개정과 가족 규범의 재구성: 싱글 여성과 레즈비언 커플의 보조생식기술 사용을 둘러싼 쟁점과 시사점
The Revision of France’s Bioethics Law and the Reconstruction of Family Norms: Issues and Implications Surrounding the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies for Single Women and Lesbian Couples
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초록
이 연구는 프랑스에서 최근 개정된 생명윤리법을 중심으로 싱글 여성과 레즈비언 커플의 보조생식기술(Assisted Reproductive Technologies) 접근에 대한 법적 보장이 가지는 의미와 한계를 분석한다. 프랑스는 2021년 생명윤리법 개정을 통해 이성애 중심의 가족구조를 넘어서 다양한 가족 구성을 법적으로 인정하며, 싱글 여성과 레즈비언 커플이 차별 없이 법적으로 보조생식기술을 이용할 수 있는 권리를 보장하였다. 이러한 변화는 이성애 핵가족 규범에 도전하며, 성소수자의 재생산권을 확장하는 중요한 진전으로 평가된다. 그러나 법적 변화에도 불구하고, 프랑스 생명윤리법은 여전히 이성애 핵가족 모델을 이상적인 형태로 유지하고, 성소수자 및 비혼 여성의 가족구성에 대한 차별적 규범을 지속하는 한계를 보여준다. 또한 트랜스젠더의 재생산권 배제, 여성의 나이에 따른 보조생식기술 접근 제한 등의 문제는 법적 평등이 곧 실질적 평등으로 이어지지 않는다는 점을 시사한다. 한국 사회에서도 비혼출산과 보조생식기술에 대한 법적 논의가 활발히 이루어지고 있는 상황에서, 프랑스의 사례는 보다 포괄적이고 평등한 재생산권과 가족구성권을 보장하는 법적·제도적 틀을 마련하는 데 중요한 시사점을 제공한다.
Abstract
The paper aims to analyze the meanings and limits of the legal guarantee of lesbian couples’ and single women’s access to assisted reproductive technology (ART), focusing on the recently revised French Bioethics law. Thanks to the latest amendment of the Bioethics law in 2021, various forms of family structure outside that of the heteronormative structure have gained legal recognition in France, and the right of single women as well as lesbian couples to use ART without discrimination is now ensured. Such change is seen as challenging the norms of the heterosexual nuclear family and considered to be an important mark of progress for the expansion of LGBTQ+ individuals’ reproductive rights. However, regardless of legal advancements, the French Bioethics law is not without limits, as it still maintains the heterosexual nuclear family as the most ideal model, and sustains discriminatory norms against LGBTQ+ individuals and single women’s family formation. In addition, several issues such as the exclusion of transgender people from access to reproductive rights and the age limit regarding access to ART for women indicate that legal equality does not necessarily translate to practical equality. As legal debates on non-marital childbearing and ART are in full swing in South Korea, the French case provides important lessons that are pertinent to the creation of a legal and institutional framework that guarantees more inclusive and equal rights to reproduction as well as family formation.
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