여성에서 골 성장과 보존
Development and Conservation of the Female Skeleton
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Estrogen is the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and estrogen deficiency is the major cause of age related bone loss in female. Estrogen together with growth hormone and IGF-1 initiate a 3- to 4- pubertal growth spurt that doubles skeletal mass and is also required for the attainment of maximal peak bone mass. Aging women undergo two phases of bone loss. The menopause initiates an accelerated phase of predominantly cancellous bone loss that declines rapidly over 4～8 yr to become asymptotic with a subsequent slow phase that continues indefinitely. The accelerated phase results from the loss of the direct restraining effects of estrogen on bone turnover, an action mediated by estrogen receptors in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In ensuing slow phase, the rate of cancellous bone loss is reduced, but the rate of cortical bone loss is unchanged or increased. This phase is mediated largely by secondary hyperparathyroidism that result from the loss of estrogen actions on extraskeletal calcium metabolism. Impaired osteoblast function due to estrogen deficiency, aging, or both also contributes to the slow phase of bone loss.
Abstract
Estrogen is the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and estrogen deficiency is the major cause of age related bone loss in female. Estrogen together with growth hormone and IGF-1 initiate a 3- to 4- pubertal growth spurt that doubles skeletal mass and is also required for the attainment of maximal peak bone mass. Aging women undergo two phases of bone loss. The menopause initiates an accelerated phase of predominantly cancellous bone loss that declines rapidly over 4～8 yr to become asymptotic with a subsequent slow phase that continues indefinitely. The accelerated phase results from the loss of the direct restraining effects of estrogen on bone turnover, an action mediated by estrogen receptors in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In ensuing slow phase, the rate of cancellous bone loss is reduced, but the rate of cortical bone loss is unchanged or increased. This phase is mediated largely by secondary hyperparathyroidism that result from the loss of estrogen actions on extraskeletal calcium metabolism. Impaired osteoblast function due to estrogen deficiency, aging, or both also contributes to the slow phase of bone loss.
참고문헌 (52)
- Katzman DK, "Clinical and anthropometric correlates of bone mineral acquisition in healthy adolescent girl", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 73, pp.1332~1339 (1991)
- Theintz G, "Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescencts: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 75, pp.1060~1065 (1992)
- Lu P, "Volumetric bone mineral density in normal subjects, aged 3-27 years", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 81, pp.1586~1590 (1996)
- Gilsanz V, "Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white girls during childhood and puberty", N Engl J Med, 352, pp.1597~1600 (1991)
- Cadogan J, "A longitudinal study of bone gain in pubertal girls, anthropometric and biochemical correlates", J Bone Miner Res, 13, pp.1602~1612 (1998)
- Bass S, "The differing tempo of growth in bone size, mass, and density in girls is region specific", J Clin Invest, 104, pp.795~804 (1999)
- Seeman E, "From density to structure: growing up and growing old on the surfaces of bone", J Bone Miner Res, 12, pp.509~521 (1997)
- Matkovic V, "Timing of peak bone mass in Caucasian females and its implication for the prevention of osteoporosis", J Clin Invest, 93, pp.799~808 (1994)
- Terasawa T, "Neurobiological mechanisms of the onset of puberty in primates", Endocr Rev, 22, pp.111~151 (2001)
- Giustina A, "Pathophysiology of the neyroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human", Endocr Rev, 19, pp.717~797 (1998)
- Grumbach MM, "Estrogen, bone, growth and sex. a sea change in conventional wisdom", J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 13, pp.1439~1455 (2000)
- Smith EP, "Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man", N Engl J Med, 331, pp.1056~1061 (1994)
- Morishima A, "Aromatase deficiency in male and female siblings caused by a novel mutation and the physiological role of estrogens", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, pp.3689~3698 (1995)
- Carani C, "Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency", N Engl J Med, 337, pp.91~95 (1997)
- Bilezikian JP, "Increased bone mass as a result of estrogen therapy in a man with aromatase deficiency", N Engl J Med, 339, pp.599~603 (1998)
- Zachman M, "Pubertal growth in patients with androgen insensitivity: indirect evidence for the importance of estrogen in pubertal growth in girls", J Pediatr, 108, pp.694~697 (1986)
- Marcus R, "The contribution of testosterone to skeletal development and maintenance: lessons from the androgen insensitivity syndrome", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, pp.1032~1037 (2000)
- Beck TJ, "Structural trends in the aging femoral neck and proximal shaft: analysis of the third national health and nutrition examination survey dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry data", J Bone Miner Res, 15, pp.2297~2304 (2000)
- Bouxsein MT, "Application of biomechanics to the aging human skeleton", pp.315~330 (1999), Academic Press
- Garn SM, "The course of bone gain and the phases of bone loss", Orthop Clin North Am, 3, pp.503~520 (1972)
- Siemenda C, "Sex steroids and bone mass. a study of changes about the time of menopause", J Clin Invest, 80, pp.1261~1269 (1987)
- Riggs RL, "Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women: evidence of substantial vertebral bone loss before menopause", J Clin Invest, 77, pp.1487~1491 (1986)
- Melton III LJ, "Determinants of bone loss from the femoral neck in women of different ages", J Bone Miner Res, 15, pp.24~31 (2000)
- Riggs BL, "Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton", Endocr Rev, 23, pp.279~302 (2002)
- Genant HK, "Quantitative computed tomography of vertebral spongiosa: a sensitive method for detecting early bone loss after oophorectomy", Ann Intern Med, 97, pp.699~705 (1982)
- Recker R, "Characterization of perimenopausal bone loss: a prospective study", J Bone Miner Res, 15, pp.1965~1973 (2000)
- Guthrie JR, "A prospective study of bone loss in menopausal Australian-born women", Osteoporos Int, 8, pp.282~290 (1998)
- Linsay R, "Long term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by oestrogen: evidence for an increased bone mass after delayed onset of oestrogen treatment", Lancet, 1, pp.1038~1041 (1979)
- Khosia SK, "Effects of age and estrogen status on serum parathyroid hormone levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover in women: a population study", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 82, pp.1522~1527 (1997)
- Horton R, "Androstenendione and testosterone in ovarian venous and peripheral plasma during ovariectomy for breast cancer", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 26, pp.1267~1269 (1966)
- Gamero P, "Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis", J Bone Miner Res, 11, pp.337~349 (1996)
- Heaney RP, "The bone-remodeling transient: implication for the interpretation of clinical studies of bone mass change", J Bone Miner Res, 9, pp.1515~1523 (1994)
- Young MM, "Effects of natural and artificial menopause on plasma and urinary calcium and phosphorus", Lancet, 2, pp.118~120 (1967)
- Gennari C, "Estrogen preserves a normal intestinal responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in oophorectomized women", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 71, pp.1288~1293 (1990)
- Cosman F, "Estrogen protection against bone resorbing effects of parathyroid hormone infusion", Ann Intern Med, 118, pp.337~343 (1993)
- Riggs BL, "A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men", J Bone Miner Res, 13, pp.763~773 (1998)
- McKane RW, "Role of estrogen deficiency in pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and incrased bone resorption in elderly women", Proc Assoc Am Physicians, 109, pp.174~180 (1997)
- Gallagher JC, "Effect of estrogen on calcium absorption and serum vitamin D metabolites in postmenopausal osteoporosis", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 51, pp.1359~1364 (1980)
- Nordin BEC, "Evidence for a renal calcium leak in postmenopausal women", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 72, pp.401~407 (1991)
- McKane WR, "Mechanisms of renal calcium conservation with estrogen replacement therapy in women in early postmenopause-a clinical research center study", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, pp.3458~3464 (1995)
- Parisien M, "Maintenance of cancellous bone connectivity in primary hyperparathyroidism:trabecular strut analysis", J Bone Miner Res, 7, pp.913~919 (1992)
- Silverberg SJ, "Longitudinal measurments of bone density and biochemical indices in untreated primary hyperparathyroidism", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80, pp.723~728 (1995)
- Dempster DW, "Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone", Endocr Rev, 14, pp.690~709 (1993)
- Marie PJ, "In vitro production of cytokines by bone surfacederived osteoblastic cells in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women: relationship with cell proliferation", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 77, pp.824~830 (1993)
- Ho KY, "Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 64, pp.51~58 (1997)
- Bennet A, "Insulin-like growth factors I and II, aging and bone density in women", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 59, pp.701~704 (1984)
- -3, and IGFBP-5) in age- related (type II) femoral neck osteoporosis, "J Bone Miner Res", 1999, 2150~2158
- Pfeilschifter J, "Concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein-4 and -5 in human bone cell conditioned media do not change with age", Mech Ageing Dev, 117, pp.109~114 (2000)
- Ernst M, "Estradiol effects on proliferation, messenger ribonucleic acid for collagen and insulin-like growth factor-I, and parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblastic cells from calvariae and long bones", Endocrinology, 125, pp.825~833 (1989)
- Manolagas SC, "Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisma and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis", Endocr Rev, 21, pp.115~137 (2000)
- Gohel A, "Estrogen prevents glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro", Endocrinology, 140, pp.5339~5537 (1999)
- Khastgir G, "Anabolic effect of estrogen replacement on bone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis histomorphometric evidence in a longitudinal study", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, pp.289~295 (2001)