정조 대 성균관 절제 운영 연구

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the operation of the Jeol-je(節製) in the King Jeong-jo’s reign by analyzing the specific implementation of the Jeol-je in the King Jeong-jo’s reign. To do so, we categorized the Jeol-je into three periods according to the size of the students taking the examination: the year of the Jeong-jo's enthronement(1776) to the 7th year of the King Jeong-jo's reign(1783), the 8th year of the King Jeong-jo's reign(1784) to the 17th year of the King Jeong-jo's reign (1793), and the 18th year of the King Jeong-jo's reign(1794) to the 24th year of the King Jeong-jo's reign(1800). The results of the study are as follows. From the year of the King Jeong-jo's enthronement(1776) to the seventh year of the King Jeong-jo’s reign(1783), the number of Sungkyunkwan’s students increased dramatically. As a result, the number of Sungkyunkwan students could not afford the huge demand for students to live in Sungkyunkwan. To solve this problem, King Jeong-jo opens the qualifications for the examination. From the 8th year of King Jeong-jo’s reign(1784) to the 17th year of King Jeong-jo’s reign(1793), there was a strong tendency to open the qualifications for Jeol-je. During this period, more and more rural students take the Jeol-je. When many rural students came to Han-sung(京) to take the Dae-gwa(大科)‧So-gwa(小科), King Jeong-jo opened up qualifications for the Jeol-je. And the test questions were given differently to students in Han-sung and rural students. This was to evaluate the two groups with different criteria and goals. From the 18th year of King Jeongjo (1794) to the end of King Jeongjo's reign, the size of the students who applied for Jeol-je increased significantly. Over 10,000 people took the Jeol-je five times during this period. This is because the number of students taking the Dae-gwa‧So-gwa has increased significantly. Most of the increased applicants were rural students. Even during this period, the test questions of Hansung students and rural students were different. King Jeong-jo used the A test as an important policy tool to normalize Sungkyunkwan education. Although during King Jeong-jo’s reign, King Jeong-jo opened up qualifications for the Jeol-je, he replaced the role of Jeol-je through Eungje(應製). And as the size of students taking the Jeol-je grew, they separated the test questions and exercised flexibility to select talent and comfort students.