독일 중산층 시민사회와 이주민: 새로운 시민성과 정체성 정치
German Civil Society and Migrants: New Citizenship and Identity Politics
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이 글은 독일연방공화국의 새로운 시민성과 정체성 정치를 다룬다. 오랫동안 민주주의가 부재했던 독일사회는 국가차원의 시민성 개념을 발전시키지 못했다. 공적 자율성을 지닌 국가공동체의 일원을 의미하는 영미권의 citizen과 프랑스의 citoyen에 비해 독일의 Bürger는 계급적 성격이 강했다. 전후 서독의 새로운 시민성 정치는 이러한 계급성을 극복하는 서구적 시민성 모델의 도입을 추진했다. 그럼에도 특정한 계층을 암시했던 시민은 국민이나 민족을 대체하는 개념이 되지는 못했다. 하지만 포용적 복지사회에서 대다수의 독일 국민이 중산층 이상의 계층으로 올라섰고, 독일의 법치국가를 뒷받침하며 그 제도를 만들어가는 ‘실질적인 시민’이 되었던 것이다. 독일 민주주의의 근간이 되는 중산층 사회의 도래에 독일 이주민들의 역할은 중요했다. 그들은 독일인들이 떠난 밑바닥의 공백을 메우며 독일의 경제적 발전뿐만 아니라 민주주의 발전에도 이바지했다. 그럼에도 그들은 공동체의 일원으로서 인정받지 못하고 있을 뿐 아니라 부와 복지를 좀먹는 기생충으로 간주되곤 한다. 적지 않은 이들이 사회적, 경제적 상승을 통해 ‘실질적인 시민’의 위치에 올라섰음에도 불구하고, 이주배경을 가진 자라는 집단적 범주 속에서 차별과 배제를 경험하고 있다. 독일인구의 4분의 1에 해당하는 이주배경을 가진 자의 포용과 통합은 중요한 사회적, 정치적 과제가 된지 오래다. 이주민을 포용하는 새로운 시민성 논의가 계층적인 것과 분리되어서는 안 된다. 전후 독일의 새로운 시민성 정치가 이 점을 분명하게 보여주고 있다.
Abstract
This article attempts to analyze the new citizenship and identity politics in the Federal Republic of Germany. German society, which has long lacked democracy, has not developed the concept of state citizenship. Bürger in German was not even citizen in english and citoyen in french. The citizenship politics of West Germany introduced the Western citizenship model. This attempt was unsuccessful. But in an inclusive welfare society, the majority of German Bürger have risen to the middle class or higher, the “real citizens” who are crucial for democratic society. The role of immigrants in Germany was important in the advent of a middle class society that underlay the German democracy. They filled the void left by the Germans and contributed to the economic and democratic development in Germany. Nevertheless, they are not recognized as members of the community. Instead they are considered parasites that devour the nation’s wealth and welfare. Although many migrants in Germany became ‘real citizens’ through social and economic rise, they are experiencing discrimination and exclusion within the collective category, people with migration background. The inclusion and integration of people with migration background, one fourth of the German population, has long been an important social and political challenge. The discussion on the citizenship of migrants should not be separated from the hierarchical approach. The new citizenship politics of post-war Germany shows this clearly.
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