아시아재단과 홍콩의 냉전(1952~1961) - 냉전시기 미국의 문화정책 -
The Asia Foundation and the Cold War in Hong Kong(1952~1961): United States Cultural Policy in the Cold War Era
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이 글의 목적은 1950년대 아시아재단 홍콩 지부의 설립 배경과 활동을 통해 홍콩의 냉전과 미국의 동아시아 정책을 지역사의 맥락에서 이해하려는 연구다. 아시아재단은 1954년 자유아시아위원회(The Committee for Free Asia)를 개조하여 탄생한 조직이다. 냉전시기 자유 아시아 지역의 반공 블럭을 형성함으로써 중공의 팽창을 저지하려는 것이 목표였다. 이를 위해 심리전, 선전전의맥락에서 홍콩 및 동남아 화교를 대상으로 하는 다양한 교육 문화사업을 전개했다. 연합서원, 우련연구소, 아주출판사 등을 통해 이루어진 이러한 사업들은궁극적으로는 중공에 대한 정보를 수집·분석하고, 홍콩 및 화교사회의 학생을조직 및 대량의 반공 영화, 잡지 등을 공급하는 것이 핵심이었다. 물론 이러한과정에서 미국식 대학 체제와 가치 이념이 이식된 것은 당연한 일이었다. 1960년대부터 아시아재단은 홍콩을 동남아를 향한 선전기지가 아니라, 자유진영을 대표하는 전시성을 강조하고, 홍콩 자체의 경제적 번영과 자유시민형성을 추구하는 방향으로 정책을 전환했다. 이는 각국의 독립을 전제로 하되, 미국적 가치관에 바탕을 둔 새로운 지역 질서의 형성과 궤를 같이하는 것이었다. 그리고 이러한 구조 속에서 홍콩은 당대 중국에 대한 정보를 제공함으로써미국의 학술 패권 구축에 기여할 것을 요구받았다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to understand the Cold War in Hong Kong and the United States government’s East Asian policy in the context of regional histories by analyzing the establishment and activities of the Hong Kong branch of the Asia Foundation. The Committee for Free Asia (CFA) was reorganized into the Asia Foundation in 1954, and its aim was to interrupt Chinese communist expansion by forming an anti -communist bloc, which included the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand, thus reinforcing liberalist influence in the area. Various cultural and psychological warfare projects were developed, focusing particularly on the geopolitical value of Hong Kong and using it as a propaganda base for targeting Southeast Asian Chinese immigrants and Taiwan. New Asia College (currently the Chinese University of Hong Kong), United Research Inc., and Asia Publication Company accepted Chinese immigrant students and supplied masses of anticommunist toxicant. Naturally, leadership training for the future generation based on American value was included in the program. However, since the 1960s the Asia Foundation went through a policy change, emphasizing the expositional nature of Hong Kong as a representative of the free world and seeking its economic prosperity and citizen formation. This was based on the premise of the independence of each country, but was also in line with the formation of a new regional system based on American values. In this regional structure, Hong Kong has been defined as a contemporary Chinese information provider corresponding to American needs.
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