콘스탄티누스 기진장의 적용사례 -13세기 전반기의 교황들을 중심으로-
A Case Study of the Donation of Constantine Applied to Three Popes in the First Half of the Thirteenth Century
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How did the popes apply the Donation of Constantine in the first half of the thirteenth century? This paper is a case study of the Document applied to three popes(InnocentⅢ, GregoryⅨ, InnocentⅣ) of the period. As the result of this study I reached a following conclusion. The popes of the period did not make a full use of the Document because it had a basic limitation, as exposed in the case of GregoryⅨ, the temporal power of a pope was derived from the alienation of the emperor Constantine. The popes who have developed the theory of papal power since ninth century possessed various and powerful theories to claim their authorities already. They were provided with many papal theories to back up the sole right of the papacy to the whole christendom, for example, "Hierocratic theory", "theory of Two Swords", "theory of Two Keys", "theory of Sun and Moon" and so on. In the thirteenth century, as we have known the truth in the cases of InnocentⅢ and InnocentⅣ, the rights of papal rule to the whole christian world were established firmly in both spiritual and temporal spheres. The special meaning and usefulness of the Donation of Constantine, therefore, disappeared even though the Document was inevitably required as a textual evidence of the temporal power of papacy in the mid eighth century. In addition the Document always holds the possibility to cause another problem about rights of rule in the relation between pope and emperor as we have seen in the theories of GregoryⅨ. That is the main reason why the popes paid no attention to application of the Document in the first half of the thirteenth century.
Abstract
How did the popes apply the Donation of Constantine in the first half of the thirteenth century? This paper is a case study of the Document applied to three popes(InnocentⅢ, GregoryⅨ, InnocentⅣ) of the period. As the result of this study I reached a following conclusion. The popes of the period did not make a full use of the Document because it had a basic limitation, as exposed in the case of GregoryⅨ, the temporal power of a pope was derived from the alienation of the emperor Constantine. The popes who have developed the theory of papal power since ninth century possessed various and powerful theories to claim their authorities already. They were provided with many papal theories to back up the sole right of the papacy to the whole christendom, for example, "Hierocratic theory", "theory of Two Swords", "theory of Two Keys", "theory of Sun and Moon" and so on. In the thirteenth century, as we have known the truth in the cases of InnocentⅢ and InnocentⅣ, the rights of papal rule to the whole christian world were established firmly in both spiritual and temporal spheres. The special meaning and usefulness of the Donation of Constantine, therefore, disappeared even though the Document was inevitably required as a textual evidence of the temporal power of papacy in the mid eighth century. In addition the Document always holds the possibility to cause another problem about rights of rule in the relation between pope and emperor as we have seen in the theories of GregoryⅨ. That is the main reason why the popes paid no attention to application of the Document in the first half of the thirteenth century.
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