전쟁의 파장, 정유재란과 동아시아－에도막부의 초기 대외정책을 중심으로－

Abstract

This study examines Tokugawa Ieyasu(德川家康)'s understanding on the international society of East Asia and what kind of foreign policy was deployed when Edo Bakuhu(1603~1868) was established in the first half of 17th Century after Jeongyujaeran (丁酉再亂) in connection with internal affairs of Japan, and considers the characteristics. Ieyasu had the biggest foreign assignment to solve the withdrawal of Japanese army from the end of Jeongyujaeran to the outbreak of the Battle of Sekigahara, but was more concerned about foreign vessel management and trade issues in Kyushu region than peace and restoration of diplomatic relations with Joseon. Ieyasu, however, led active foreign policy to appeal that he was the inheritor of regime and diplomatic rights after the death of Hideyoshi. As Shimazu (島津) took up trade with Ryukyu and China, Kato Kiyomasa (加藤淸正) with Luzon (the Philippines), 宗 family of Thusima (對馬) with Joseon, 豊臣氏 of Osaka (大坂) with Nagasaki, he had to stronger diplomacy than Hideyori (秀賴) or daimyo of Kyushu. Thinking that it was the first issue for Japan to resume diplomatic relations with Joseon to enter into the international order of East Asia, Ieyasu realized restoration of diplomatic relations with Joseon after the Battle of Sekigahara through Thusima. After restoring diplomatic relations with Joseon through Shimazu (島津氏) in 1600, Ieyasu tried to restore friendly relations by receiving gold seal and Gamhapbu (勘合府) from Ming. Ming, however, showed no response, and the approach to Ming by sending envoys for repatriation (回答兼刷還使) in 1607 was failed. In 1609, he indirectly expressed opinion for restoring diplomatic relations with Ming through Ryukyu kingdom which was then under dominion of Shimazu. As the tributary trade through installation was frustrated, however, Chinese merchants came to Fujian or Nagasaki demanding trade aiming to monopolize Japanese trade with Ming on the premise of Ming's permission. Edo Bakuhu's relationship with Ryukyu began in 1600 to solve the issue of restoring the relationship with Ming but failed. Since then, Edo Bakuhu acknowledged Ryukyu as the territory of Satsuma and began governing Ryukyu, and they sent Ganghasa (慶賀使) in celebration of shogun's succession and Saeunsa (謝恩使) upon replacement of throne for Ryukyu to Edo Bakuhu so as to preserve their status as ‘foreign country (異國)’. Hence, delegations became a convention, and the Ryukyu King's company was treated as 'diplomatic delegation' corresponding to Joseon mission to Japan. That is, Ryukyu King's company was in captivity of Satsuma in 1610 but Edo Bakuhu treated them as a courteous delegation to take advantage of promoting and heralding that the regime was inherited from Toyotomi to Tokugawa both internally and externally. In Edo Bakuhu's early years of Gangjang (慶長: 1596-1614), foreign policy was implemented arbitrarily with strong driving force and full authority without any concern for the Japanese emperor, Toyotomi family and Hideyori in the fields of diplomatic relations and trade with foreign countries while Ieyasu was domestically restricted by the presence of Toyotomi family and Hideyori. Reinforcing the trade=diplomatic rights, it was rather connected with domestic politics and strengthened his power structure and established control of Ming easily. It can be the characteristics of Edo Bakuhu's early foreign relation. As can be seen in the relationship with Joseon, Ming and Ryukyu, Edo Bakuhu aimed to stabilize domestic regime through trade=diplomacy. At the same time, the course of controlling daimyo through trade is characterized as the original form of Bakuhan system=national isolation system.