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Hunger Motif in the Extra-Biblical Temptations of Paradise Regained
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The two extra-biblical temptations of Paradise Regained have troubled many Milton scholars and readers. One of them, the temptation of Athens has a history of troubling the readers more than any other temptation in this poem because in this episode Jesus rejects classical learning and wisdom. The other, the banquet scene also perplexes its critics because it seems to be a superfluous one as a repetition of the stones into bread temptation. However, these two insertions play a good role by showing how much significance the hunger motif suggests in this poem. The protagonist of Paradise Regained, Jesus is hungry throughout the poem. He is offered by Satan several needs, namely, food, knowledge, poetry, art and philosophy which can satisfy his physical and intellectual hungers. Satan makes good use of the circumstances in which Jesus is placed. But Jesus rejects all the temptations that Satan offers. His concern is not with worldly values, such as food, riches, glory but with divine wisdom. His hunger can be satisfied only by spiritual food not the physical food. Ironically, he himself is the true bread out of heaven for the redemption of mankind. It is not Christ alone who is hungry in this poem. His adversary, Satan also shows deep hunger for Jesus' identity and the secular successes. He is hungry to know who Jesus is and to have the worldly glory, riches, kingdom and learning. These hungers become stronger as the poem proceeds. However, they are fundamentally false because lying is his food and, therefore, he cannot receive truth which is necessary for satisfying truly his hungers. Satan himself is shown to have an insatiable hunger that shall never be filled. He is restlessly angry and hungry throughout the temptations, while Jesus, though physically hungry, is quiet and at peace. Jesus' hunger is not the kind of hunger that Satan can understand. It only can be fulfilled by rejecting the kinds of satisfactions that Satan offers. The wise way of Jesus' responding to Satan's temptations is to seek to be empty rather than filled. To satisfy his hunger he seeks for spiritual food and wisdom rather than physical food and worldly knowledge which Satan offers.
Abstract
The two extra-biblical temptations of Paradise Regained have troubled many Milton scholars and readers. One of them, the temptation of Athens has a history of troubling the readers more than any other temptation in this poem because in this episode Jesus rejects classical learning and wisdom. The other, the banquet scene also perplexes its critics because it seems to be a superfluous one as a repetition of the stones into bread temptation. However, these two insertions play a good role by showing how much significance the hunger motif suggests in this poem. The protagonist of Paradise Regained, Jesus is hungry throughout the poem. He is offered by Satan several needs, namely, food, knowledge, poetry, art and philosophy which can satisfy his physical and intellectual hungers. Satan makes good use of the circumstances in which Jesus is placed. But Jesus rejects all the temptations that Satan offers. His concern is not with worldly values, such as food, riches, glory but with divine wisdom. His hunger can be satisfied only by spiritual food not the physical food. Ironically, he himself is the true bread out of heaven for the redemption of mankind. It is not Christ alone who is hungry in this poem. His adversary, Satan also shows deep hunger for Jesus' identity and the secular successes. He is hungry to know who Jesus is and to have the worldly glory, riches, kingdom and learning. These hungers become stronger as the poem proceeds. However, they are fundamentally false because lying is his food and, therefore, he cannot receive truth which is necessary for satisfying truly his hungers. Satan himself is shown to have an insatiable hunger that shall never be filled. He is restlessly angry and hungry throughout the temptations, while Jesus, though physically hungry, is quiet and at peace. Jesus' hunger is not the kind of hunger that Satan can understand. It only can be fulfilled by rejecting the kinds of satisfactions that Satan offers. The wise way of Jesus' responding to Satan's temptations is to seek to be empty rather than filled. To satisfy his hunger he seeks for spiritual food and wisdom rather than physical food and worldly knowledge which Satan offers.
참고문헌 (13)
- Babcox, Emilie, "Physical and Metaphorical Hunger: The Extra-Biblical Temptations of Paradise Regained", Milton Quarterly, 26(2), pp.36~41 (1992)
- Burnett, Archie, "Milton’s Style in The Shorter Poems, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes" (1981), Longman
- Condee, Ralph Waterbury, "Structure in Milton’s Poetry: From the Foundation to the Pinnacles" (1974), Pennsylvania State UP
- Cox, Lee Sheridan, "Food-Word Imagery in Paradise Regained", ELH, 28, pp.225~243 (1961)
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- Loewenstein, David, "Representing Revolution in Milton and His Contemporaries" (2001), Cambridge UP
- Pope, Elizabeth Marie, "Paradise Regained: The Tradition and the Poem" (1947), Johns Hopkins UP
- Rajan, Balachandra, "The Lofty Rhyme: A Study of Milton’s Major Poetry" (1970), U of Miami P
- Teskey, Gordon, "Delirious Milton: The Fate of the Poet in Modernity" (2006), Harvard UP
- Webber, Joan Malory, "Milton and His Epic Tradition" (1979), U of Washington P
- Williamson, George, "Milton and Others" (1965), Faber and Faber