기업부도예측과 기계학습
Corporate Default Predictions and Machine Learning
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초록
기업부도에 대한 예측은 경제 전반의 각 분야에서 다양하게 활용된다. 기업은 예측결과를 토대로 경영상태를 진단하고 경영전략을 수립하며, 투자자는 신용위험을 관리하고 투자전략을 조정한다. 정부가 거시건전성 정책을 만들고 금융제도를 설계․개선하는 데에도 이러한 기업부도예측 방법론을 근거로 활용한다. 현재 기업부도예측은 수리통계 모형뿐만 아니라, 기계학습 알고리즘(machine learning algorithm)을 활용한 첨단 금융공학의 일선에 있다. 본 연구는 지금까지 진행된 기업부도예측에 관한 연구를 살펴보고, 통계적 모형과 기계학습 알고리즘의 대표적 방법론을 소개함으로써 관련 분야를 조망한다. 기업부도예측을 위한 주요 통계적 모형은 3세대로 구분할 수 있으며, 각 세대는 대표적으로 판별분석(discriminant analysis), 이항반응모형(binary response model), 위험모형(hazard model)을 사용하여 연구되었다. 기계학습 알고리즘에는 주로 분류방법론이 사용되었으며, SVM(support vector machine), 의사결정나무(decision tree), 인공신경망(artificial neural networks) 알고리즘이 대표적이다. 기계학습 방법론의 발달은 금융 분야의 혁신을 더욱 가속화하며, 이에 따라 새로운 금융서비스의 출현과 데이터 유통에 기반한 데이터 경제의 부상이 뒤따를 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
Corporate default predictions are essential in every economic sector. Based on these predictions, companies can diagnose their management statuses and establish management strategies. Investors can manage their credit risk and adjust their investment strategies. Governments can also use them to design macroeconomic policies and improve financial regulations. Currently, corporate default predictions are at the forefront of advanced financial engineering that utilizes not only statistical models but also machine learning algorithms. This study reviews the literature on corporate default predictions and the related field by introducing statistical and mathematical models and machine learning algorithms and their representative methodologies. Statistical models can be classified into three generations and can be studied using discriminant analyses, binary response models, and hazard models. For machine learning algorithms, classification methodologies such as support vector machines, decision trees, and artificial neural network algorithms are mainly used. The development of machine learning methodologies is expected to further accelerate innovation in the financial sector, which, in turn, will be followed by the emergence of new financial services and the rise of the data economy.
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