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1인당 탄소배출 수렴가설 검정: 105개국 동태적 패널임계 분석

Testing the convergence of per capita carbon emissions: dynamic panel threshold regression of 105 countries

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초록

본 논문은 105개 국가의 1인당 탄소배출 수렴현상과 소득-탄소배출의 탈동조화 현상을 국면전환모형인 동태적 패널임계모형(dynamic panel threshold model)으로 분석하였다. 탄소배출의 수렴가설과 소득-탄소배출의 탈동조화는 각각 경제성장의 수렴가설과 EKC가설에 의해 뒷받침되고 있다. 105개 국가의 1965∼2009년 대규모 패널자료를 활용하였으며 국가그룹을 지역별, 소득별, 제조업 비중별, 청정에너지 비중별 그룹으로 다양하게 분류하여 세밀한 분석을 수행하였다. 수렴현상은 지역별로는 전체국가, 유럽, 아메리카, MENA에서, 소득별 그룹에서는 고소득과 중소득 그룹에서 조건부 수렴이 성립하였다. 또한, 제조업 상위 그룹, 청정에너지 상위와 하위 그룹에서 수렴이 나타났다. 소득-탄소배출의 탈동조화는 고소득 그룹과 청정에너지 하위 그룹에서 강한 탈동조화를 보인 반면, 전체국가와 아시아 및 태평양 그룹에서는 약한 탈동조화를 보였다. 아시아 및 태평양의 탈동조화를 야기하는 임계소득은 약 $14,000로 경제적인 의미가 있는 수치였다. 반면, 전체국가와 고소득 그룹의 임계소득은 약 $7,000로 추정되어 다소 낮았다. 청정에너지 하위 그룹의 임계소득은 약 $540, 저소득 그룹의 임계소득은 약 $250로 추정되었다. 논문에서 수렴속도를 비교해 본 결과 전체국가, 아메리카, MENA는 빠른 속도로 수렴하고 있으며 아시아 및 태평양, 사하라 이남, 저소득 국가에서는 아직 수렴이 나타나지 않았다. 이 국가들은 향후 전 세계적인 온실가스배출을 증가시키는데 상당한 역할을 할 가능성이 높은 반면 배출저감 여력도 높다. 따라서 이 국가들을 대상으로 경제발전은 지속하면서 배출저감을 이끌 수 있는 청정개발체제(CDM)와 같은 정책 공조가 더욱 증가하여야 할 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

This study investigates the convergence of per capita carbon emissions and the decoupling of income-emission by estimating the dynamic panel threshold model. The emission convergence and the decoupling of income-emission phenomenon is underpinned by the growth convergence and the EKC hypothesis. Using 105 countries with 1965∼2009 annual large panel data set, we divide the countries into several groups by region, income, industry ratio and clean energy ratio classifications. The convergence holds for total country, Europe, America and MENA in regional group and high-income and middle-income in income group. It also holds for high-industry, high-clean and low-clean group. The income-emission decoupling strongly holds for high-income group and low-clean group and weakly holds for total country and Asia-Pacific group. The threshold income triggering the decoupling is estimated about $14,000 in Asia-Pacific, which is quite economically reasonable level. While threshold income for total country and high-income is estimated about $7,000 which is lower than our expectation. The threshold incomes for low-clean and low-income are even lower, about $540 and $250 for each. Comparing the speed of convergence, we can infer that the speed is fast in total country, America and MENA. At the same time there is no evidence of the convergence in Asia-Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa and low-income countries. In the near future, there is a high potential that these countries can be heavy emitters. Since they are still on the middle or early stage of economic development global energy policy cooperation is so needed, such as CDM, to minimize the harmful effect on economic growth and to reduce the emissions at the same time.

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