리스트의 ≪성 엘리사벳의 전설≫: 헝가리 국민주의, 가톨릭 개혁, 리스트의 인류애의 만남
Liszt’s Die Legende von der Heiligen Elizabeth: Hungarian Nationalism, Catholic Reformation, and His Commitment to Transcendence and Humanitarian Stance
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이 글은 헝가리 국민주의와 가톨릭 개혁에 대한 리스트의 참여와 그의 예술적 대응을 탐구한다. 1850년대 중반 거대한 흐름인 국민주의, 세계주의, 가톨릭 개혁이 헝가리에서 역설적으로 상생하는 속에서 리스트는 이 모든 이념을 아우르는 예술인이었다. 이 역동적인 시기에 리스트는 어떤 대응을 했으며, 그 대응은 어떤 사상적 특징을 갖는가? 그의 오라토리오 Die Legende von der Heiligen Elizabeth(1857-1862) 사례를 통해 이 문제에 대해 고찰하는 것이 필자의 목표이다. 필자는 다음 세 가지에 초점을 맞춘다. 첫째, 역사와 사회학의 학문을 바탕으로 학제적 방법을 사용하여 헝가리 국민주의의 중요한 이슈들을 살펴본다. 여기에서 국민주의와 세계주의의 상호작용이라는 역설과 함께 리스트의 두 이념 껴안기에 주목한다. 둘째, 헝가리 국민주의와 가톨릭 개혁운동이 만나는 독특한 상황과 가톨릭 대중신심을 탐구한다. 셋째, 헝가리 가톨릭 작곡가로서의 리스트의 면모를 조명하며, 그의 저서에서 피력한 종교적, 국민주의적 대응을 탐구한다. 마지막으로, 이 오라토리오에서 차용한 음악적 자료들과 ‘사람들’을 위한 합창을 헝가리 가톨릭-국민주의 관점에서 분석한다. 이상의 네 가지에 유의하면서 필자는 리스트의 대중신심에 대한 참여, 보편적 가톨릭교와 헝가리 가톨릭교의 아우르기, 국경을 초월하는 인류애적 입장 등을 다각도로 조명한다.
Abstract
In the mid-1850s Liszt supported the New German movement and visited Hungary again after a ten-year absence, while at the same time he renewed his focus on Roman Catholic church music. Taking into account his multivalent national allegiances, this article investigates his engagement with Hungarian national-religious events through his oratorio Die Legende von der Heiligen Elizabeth (1857–1862). Drawing on the disciplines of history and sociology, the study examines several pressing issues of Hungarian nationalism and Catholic reform, including the paradox of nationalism and cosmopolitanism as two sides of the same coin, the unification of state and Catholicism, and Catholic piety that reached out to the masses. Such characteristics help to illuminate Liszt continuing to be cosmopolitan, paradoxically in an increasingly nationalist Hungary, or in a dialectical conversation with Hungarian nationalism. Alongside Liszt’s correspondence and writings about church music, his musical representations illustrated in the oratorio, such as the cosmopolitan approach to the borrowed material and the use of the chorus for the “people,” embody his commitment to the idea of transcendence and his humanitarian stance, as well as his attempts to reconcile the universal Catholic church with its distinctive localized Hungarian national-religious features.
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