근로시간 단축의 쟁점과 과제
Issues on the Reduction of Working Hour
0
조회
0
다운로드
7
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
그동안 법정근로시간이 지속적으로 감소되어 왔음에도 불구하고 우리나라의 실근로시간은 여전히 매우 긴 편이다. 근로시간의 국제비교에서 한국은 세계 최장수준을 나타내고 있다. 이는 기본적으로 근로자와 기업 양측 모두 장시간근로를 선호하는데 그 원인이 있다. 근로자들은 소득증대를 위하여, 기업은 낮은 고용유연성, 높은 간접노동비용, 낮은 노동생산성, 교대제 실시 등의 이유로 장시간근로를 선호해 왔다. 그런데 장시간근로는 많은 문제점을 야기하고 있다. 근로자 건강 및 삶의 질에 부정적 영향을 미치며, 노동생산성 하락 및 창의성 저하를 초래한다. 이와 더불어 장시간 노동체제는 정규직근로자들의 전일제 고용을 기반으로 하고 있기 때문에 이들이 노동시간을 독점하고 있고 이는 다른 사람들의 고용기회를 박탈하고 있는 측면이 있다. 장시간 노동체제는 특히 여성, 장년층, 고령자들의 고용기회를 제한해 왔다. 이에 따라 근로시간 단축이 현재 한국 사회의 주요 현안이 되고 있으며 국회에 여당과 야당에 의해 각각 입법안이 제출되어 있는 상태이다. 근로시간 단축은 다음의 쟁점을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 근로자 소득감소 및 노사관계 불안을 야기할 수 있다. 둘째, 기업의 인건비 상승 및 생산차질을 야기할 수 있다. 셋째, 정부는 근로시간 단축을 통해 일자리 창출을 기대하고 있다. 그렇지만 근로시간 단축이 실제 일자리 창출로 이어지게 될 것인지는 확실하지 않다. 근로시간 단축이 성공적으로 안착하기 위해서는 한 편으로는 근로시간 단축을 통해서 발생할 수 있는 긍정적 효과를 극대화하고 다른 한편으로는 이로 인한 부작용을 최소화할 수 방안의 검토가 필요하다. 이에는 크게 업무관행 및 조직문화 개선과 제도개선 측면에서 검토할 수 있다. 전자에는 근로시간의 효율적 관리, 연차휴가 사용 촉진, 생산성 향상 등이, 후자에는 임금체계 개편, 고용의 유연화, 근로시간의 유연화, 중소기업 지원 등을 들 수 있다.
Abstract
Meanwhile the statutory working hours in Korea have been reduced continuously. However international comparison of working hours shows that the level of working hours in Korea remains still one of the longest among the OECD countries. This results basically from the fact that the workers and businesses on both sides prefer to work for a long time. Most workers work long hours of their own free will mainly to increase their income. Firms also have preferred long working hours mainly for the reason of low employment flexibility, high indirect labor costs, low labor productivity, and shift work. But longer working hours have caused serious problems in various aspects. It has negative effects on the physical and mental health of workers and the quality of life. Long working hours cause even the low labor productivity and the decline of creativity. In addition, because long working hours system is based on the full-time employment system, full-time workers are tend to monopolize the working hours and to deprive other people who are not included in internal labor market of employment opportunities. Especially women and the elderly are relevant to this group and they have been limited opportunities for employment. The reduction of working hours have the following issues. Firstly, the decrease in income of workers and the unstability labor relations workers can be arised as the result of the reduction of working hours. Secondly, shorter working hours can lead the increase in the labor costs and the reduction of production. Thirdly, the government expects to create jobs through the reduction of working hours. However, it is not definitely certain that shorter working hours will actually lead to job creation. In order to have successful results the reduction of the working hours has some following conditions. Firms have to maximize the positive effects that can be occurred through the reduction of working hours and on the one hand and to minimize the negative effects on the other hand. On this aspect some measurements are needed as the effective management of working hours, the use of annual leave, the increase of productivity, the wage system reform, the increase in the employment flexibility, the increase in the flexibility of working hours, and the support to SMEs.
참고문헌 (40)
- "고용노동부 (2000~2007), ｢매월노동통계조사｣", ~ (2007)
- "고용노동부 (2008~2010), ｢사업체임금근로시간조사｣", ~ (2010)
- "고용노동부 (2011~2012), ｢사업체노동력조사｣", ~ (2012)
- 고용노동부, "사업체노동력조사", ~ (2013)
- 고용노동부, "기업체노동비용조사 추가조사, 2011. 9", ~ (2012)
- 고용노동부, "2012년 기업체노동비용조사", ~ (2013)
- 고용노동부, "장시간근로 관행 및 제도개선 정책 고용영향평가", ~ (2012)
- "연합뉴스, 2011년 4월 5일자", ~
- 오호영, "근로시간, 노동유연성과 일자리", The HRD Review, (가을) (2009)
- 이호근, "쌍용차 정리해고와 고용안정 시스템의 문제점", 정리해고대안모색 토론회, ~ (2012)
- 한국경영자총협회, "근로시간 및 휴가․휴일제도 실태조사", ~ (2008)
- 홍민기, "장시간 노동의 실태, 구조, 원인과 고용률", 장시간 노동실태와 노동시간 단축 토론회 자료집, 2~ (2012)
- Andrews, M., "Does worksharing work? some empirical evidence from the IAB-establishment panel", Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 52, pp.141~176 (2005)
- Bauer, T., "Overtime work and overtime compensation in Germany", Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46(4), pp.419~436 (1999)
- Bosch, G., "Dismissing Hours not Workers: Work-sharing in the Economic Crisis to Avoid Dismissals-European Experiences", Workshop: Global economic crisis, innovative labour policies and the role of labour administration, Prague, Czhech (2010)
- Brunello, G., "The Employment Effects of Shorter Working Hours : An Approach to Japanese Datax", Economica, 56, pp.473~486 (1989)
- Crepon, "Employed 40 hours or not employed 39 : Lessons from the 1982 mandatory reduction of the workweek", Journal of Political Economy, 110(6), pp.1355~1389 (2002)
- Dekker, R., "Non-standard employment and mobility in the Dutch" (2007), German and British labour market
- Delsen, L., "Labor Market Institutions and Economic Performance in Netherlands", International Conference ‘Flexibility and Performance’ (2004)
- Estevao, M., "The 35-hour workweek in France : Straightjacket or welfare improvement?", Economic Policy, 23, pp.417~463 (2008)
- Hayden, A., "Attack on business? Win-win reform? or Betrayal of disadvantaged workers?", pp.531~532 (2006)
- Deutsches Beschaeftigungswunder und flexible Arbeitszeiten, "Herzog-Stein, A.", Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut, ~, pp.WSI-Diskussionspappier Nr. 169 (2010)
- Has Working-sharing Worked in Germany?, "Hunt, J.", NBER, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 5724 (1999)
- Working time in the twenty-first century, Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Working-time Arrangements., "ILO", ~ (2011)
- ILO, "Working Conditions Laws Report 2010, 2011; 勞働政策硏究․硏修機構, ｢諸外國のフワイトカラー勞働者に係る勞働 時間法制に關する調査硏究報告書｣", pp.5~ (2005)
- Jacobson, T., "Working time, employment, and work sharing : evidence from Sweden", Empirical Economics, 25, pp.169~187 (2000)
- Labor Market Responses to Legal Work Hour Reduction: Evidence from Japan, "Kawaguchi, D.", Economic and Social Research Institute, ~ (2008)
- Koning, H., "Employment, Labor Utilization and Procyclical Labour Produktivity", Kyklos, 41, pp.551~572 (1988)
- Working time around the world: Trends in working hours, laws and policies in a global comparative perspective, "Lee, S.", ILO, ~ (2007)
- Niimi, K., "Economic analysis on short work hour policy and work sharing", Japan Research Review (1998)
- OECD, "Employment Outlook 2013", ~
- OECD, "Employment Outlook, 1994 & 1998", ~ (1998)
- OECD, "StatExtracts, Labor productivity levels in the total economy", ~
- OECD, "StatExtracts, Average annual hours actually worked per worker (Dependent employment); Incidence of Part-time employment-common definition", ~
- Labour market disequilibrium and the scope for work- sharing: a case study of the Netherlands, "Riechel, K. -W.", ~, pp.International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, No. 33 (1986)
- Skans, O. N., "The impact of working-time reductions on actual hours and wages : evidence from Swedish register-data", Labour Economics, 11(5), pp.647~665 (2004)
- Spurgeon, A., "Health and Safety Problems Associated with Long Working Hours : A Review of Current Position", Occupation and Environmental Medicine, 54(6), pp.367~375 (1997)
- Sundstrom, M., "Female labour force participation, fertility and public policy in Sweden", European Journal of Population, 8(3), pp.199~215 (1992)
- Negotiated Flexibility in Working Time and Labour Market Transitions-The Case of the Netherlands, "Visser, J.", Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, University of Amsterda, ~ (2001)
- World Economic Forum, "The Global Competitiveness Report, 2013~2014", ~ (2013)