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경제민주주의 사상과 제도화에 관한 한국과 독일의 비교연구 - 새로운 경제질서의 모색을 위하여

Comparative Study of Korea and Germany on the Idea of ​​Economic Democracy and It’s Institutionalization - In search of a new economic order

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한국질서경제학회 (Korea Ordo Economics Association)|2019.03|질서경제저널 (Ordo Economics Journal)|제22권 제1호|pp. 1-50|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.20436/OEJ.22.1.001

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경제민주화Economic DemocratizationCo-determination경제민주주의Economic Democracy사회적 시장경제Social Market EconomyOrdoliberalism질서자유주의공동결정제리바이어던진지전LeviathanWar of Position

초록

본 논문은 1920년대 경제민주주의 개념을 정립한 독일과 1987년 헌법에 경제민주화를 도입한 한국의 경제민주주의 사상의 발전과 제도화 과정을 비교하고, 이를 기반으로 한국사회의 새로운 경제질서 수립을 위한 시사점을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 서구의 경제민주주의의 개념을 정리하면, 경제민주주의는 사민주의 혹은 혁명적 사회주의의 전통에서 출발한 것으로, 동등한 의사결정 혹은 공동결정을 주된 과제로 설정하는 노선과 경제민주주의 실현을 위하여 사적 소유 혹은 자본주의 소유 관계의 철폐를 주장하는 노선으로 구분할 수 있다. 우리나라의 경우 경제민주화 논의는 재벌개혁을 핵심으로 하여 경제의 전반적 규제강화라는 형식으로 전개되었다. 독일에서 제2차 대전 후 경제민주주의는 기업 차원에서 노동자가 경영에 참여하는 공동결정제로 제도화되었다. 이 과정에서 사회적 시장경제를 내세운 독일의 기독교민주당(CDU)이 공동결정제를 적극적으로 수용한 것이 큰 역할을 하였다. 80년대와 90년대의 침체기를 지나 2000년대 금융위기와 신자유주의의 등장에 맞서 노조와 좌파당(Die Linke)을 중심으로 경제민주주의 논의가 활성화되었다. 하지만 사민당에서 경제민주화에 대한 논의는 크게 쇠퇴하였다. 1987년에 개정된 제6공화국 헌법 제119조 2항에 ‘경제민주화’ 조항이 개념의 정립도 없이 도입된 이후 ‘경제민주화’는 한국 사회에서 시민권을 획득하였고, 그 후 정치·경제적 영향력을 지속적으로 확대하여, 권력 담론으로 부상하였다. 경제민주화의 이름으로 자유시장 경제를 훼손하는 많은 반시장적 규제정책들이 입법화되었고, 경제민주화는 정치적 동원과 반대진영에 대한 낙인찍기의 이데올로기로 기능해왔다. 따라서 논란 그 자체인 헌법 제119조 2항의 경제민주화 조항은 철폐하는 것이 마땅하다. 이와 함께 현행 헌법의 제119조에서 127조 사이의 ‘제9장 경제’ 조항도 삭제하는 것이 올바른 방향이다. 한국의 경제 자유를 훼손하고 사회문제를 발생시키는 경제집단은 대기업 혹은 재벌이 아니라, 거대 공기업과 국가의 독점행정, 조직된 노동조합 그리고 국제 투기자본이라 할 수 있다. 정의를 앞세운 국가의 과다한 규제가 아니라 기업가정신의 고양이 식어버린 한국의 경제성장 동력을 위해 필요하다.

Abstract

This paper compares the idea of economic democracy and it’s institutionalization in korea and Germany. In the 1920s, the concept of economic democracy was already established in Germany. On the other hand, the economic democratization clause was introduced in the 1987 Constitution in Korea. The concept and institutionalization of economic democracy or democratization between the two countries have developed so differently. The purpose of this study is to suggest implications for establishing a new economic order in the Korean society. The conclusion of this study is as follows: Reviewing the concept of economic democracy in the West, it was found that economic democracy started from the tradition of social democracy or revolutionary socialism. This position can be divided into two groups: One Group that sets up the equal participation in decision making or co-determination as the main task and another group that claims the elimination of private ownership or ownership in capitalism for the economic democracy. In the case of Korea, discussions on economic democratization were developed in the form of strengthening the overall regulation of the economy with the reformation of chaebols, the conglomerates, as the core. In Germany, after World War II, economic democracy was institutionalized as a co-determination by labor and management at enterprise level. In particular, the role of the Christian Democratic Party (CDU), the German conservative party, in this were crucial. The debate about economic democracy was revitalized by the Union and the Left Party (Die Linke) in the midst of 2000s financial crisis and the emergence of neoliberalism. However, discussions about economic democracy in the Social Democratic Party (SPD) have largely declined. Since the introduction of the 'economic democratization' clause in Article 119 (2) of the Constitution of the 6th Republic, amended in 1987, 'economic democratization' has acquired a citizenship in the Korean society and has since continued to expand its political and economic influence and eventually emerged as a hegemonic discourse. Thirty years after the 'economic democratization' clause was introduced into the Constitution of Korea, but it failed to establish the concept of systematic economic democracy. In this situation, economic democratization has been arbitrarily interpreted, and many anti-market regulatory policies have been acted as a means of political mobilization, undermining the free market economy. Therefore, the controversial economic democratization clause should be abolished. The economic groups that intend to erode the foundation of Korea's economic freedoms and cause social problems are not the chaebols but giantic public corporations, the monopoly administration of the state, organized labor unions, and the influx of international speculative capital. It is Korea's new economic growth engine empowered by entrepreneurial spirits that is needed urgently, not excessive regulation of the country in the name of justice.

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