Relationships between the Attitude toward Video Games and Use of the Video Game Rating System in Global Markets
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
As video games gain popularity and become a normal part of home entertainment, concern about youth access to inappropriate games continues to grow. Some people have claimed that violent video games influence children’s aggressive behavior and that violent video games have some responsibility for violence in the school. In response to people’s concerns, the video game industry created a video game rating system in 1995 to help parents decide which video games are appropriate for their children. This study investigated whether parents were aware of the video game rating system and how often they have used it when selecting video games for their children. This study attempted to find relationships among parents’ attitudes toward video games, their guidance styles for their children’s video game play, and their use of the video game rating system. This study found that most parents have used the video game ratings very frequently when they select video games for their children. But many parents still don’t understand the video game rating system. This study showed that parents who had more negative attitudes or less positive attitudes toward video games were more likely to impose restrictions on their children’s video game play and to use the video game rating system as a means to restrict their children’s access to violent video games.
Abstract
As video games gain popularity and become a normal part of home entertainment, concern about youth access to inappropriate games continues to grow. Some people have claimed that violent video games influence children’s aggressive behavior and that violent video games have some responsibility for violence in the school. In response to people’s concerns, the video game industry created a video game rating system in 1995 to help parents decide which video games are appropriate for their children. This study investigated whether parents were aware of the video game rating system and how often they have used it when selecting video games for their children. This study attempted to find relationships among parents’ attitudes toward video games, their guidance styles for their children’s video game play, and their use of the video game rating system. This study found that most parents have used the video game ratings very frequently when they select video games for their children. But many parents still don’t understand the video game rating system. This study showed that parents who had more negative attitudes or less positive attitudes toward video games were more likely to impose restrictions on their children’s video game play and to use the video game rating system as a means to restrict their children’s access to violent video games.
참고문헌 (43)
- Abelman,R, "Preaching to the Choir: TV Advisory Ratings and Gifted Children", http:, www.sp.uconn.edu, pp.~nrcgt, news[DOI]
- Anderson, C. A, "Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A meta-analytic Review of the Scientific Literature", Psychological Science, 12(5), pp.353~359 (2001)
- Anderson, C. A, "Video Games and Aggressive Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior in the Laboratory and in Life", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), pp.772~790 (2000)
- Anderson, C. A, "Affect of the Game Player: Short-term effects of Highly and Mildly Aggressive Video Games", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletins, 12(4), pp.390~402 (1986)
- Anderson, C. A, "Competitive Aggression Without Interaction: Effects of Competitive Versus Cooperative Instructions on Aggressive Behavior in Video Games", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(10), pp.1020~1030 (1995)
- Austin, E. W, "Who Talks How to Their Kids about TV: A Clarification of Demographic Correlates of Parental Mediation Practices", Communication, 7, pp.1~20 (1997)
- Ballard, M. E, "Mortal Combat(tm):The Effects of Violent Video Game Play on Males’ Hostility and Car-diovascular Responding", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(8), pp.717~730 (1996)
- Barnett, M. A, "Late Adolescents’ Experience with Attitudes toward Videogames", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(15), pp.1316~1334 (1997)
- Bushman, B. J, "Effects of Televised Violence on Aggression in Handbook of children and the media" (2001), Sage Publications
- Bybee, C, "Determinants of Parental Guidance of Children’s Television Viewing for a Special Subgroup:Mass Media Scholars", Journal of Broadcasting, 26, pp.697~710 (1982)
- Calvert, S. L, "Impact of Virtual Reality Young Adults’ Physiological Arousal and Aggressive Thoughts: Interaction Versus Observation", Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, pp.125~139 (1994)
- Chambers, J. H, "The Effects of Prosocial and Aggressive Videogames on Children’s Donating and Helping", Journal of Genetic Psychology, 148(4), pp.499~505 (1987)
- Cooper, J, "Video Game and Aggression in Children", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, pp.726~744 (1986)
- Dominick,J.R, "Video Games, Television Violence and Aggression in Teenagers", Journal of Communication, 13, pp.136~147 (1984)
- Marketing Violent Entertainment To Children: A Review Of Self-Regulation And Industry Practices In The Motion Picture, Music Recording and Electronic Game Industries, "Federal Trade Commission", The Federal Trade Commission, ~ (2000)
- Fleming, M. J, "Effects of Violent Versus Nonviolent Video Games on Children’s Arousal, Aggressive Mood, and Positive Mood", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(10), pp.2047~2071 (2001)
- Fling, S, "Video Games, Aggression and Self-esteem: A Survey", Social Behavior and Personality, 20(1), pp.39~46 (1992)
- Funk,J.B, "Reevaluating the Impact of Video Games", Clinical Pediatrics, 32(2), pp.86~90 (1993)
- Funk, J, "Video Game Controversies", Pediatric Annals, 24, pp.91~94 (1995)
- Funk, J, "Children and Electronic Games: A Comparison of Parents’ and Children’s Perceptions of Children’s Habits and Preferences in a United States Sample", Psychological Reports, 85, pp.883~888 (1999)
- Funk, J. B., "Rating Electronic Games", Youth and Society, 30, pp.283~312 (1999)
- Griffiths, M, "The Effect of Type A Personality on Physiological Arousal While Playing Computer Games", Addictive Behaviors, 20(4), pp.543~548 (1995)
- Gyimesi, Karen, "Nielsen Says Video Game Penetration in U.S. TV Households Grew 18% During The Past Two Years", http:, www.nielsenmedia.com, pp.nc, portal[DOI]
- Hargrave,A.M, "Audience Perceptions of Violence and Sex in the Media in Children in the new media landscape. Livréna Grasfiska AB" (2000), The UNESCO
- IDSA, "State of the Industry", http:, www.idsa.com, pp.releases, SOTI2001. pdf[DOI]
- Irwin, A. R, "Cognitive Tempo,Violent Video Games,and Aggressive Behavior in Young Boys", Journal of Family Violence, 10(3), pp.337~350 (1995)
- Nathanson,A.I, "Parents and Child Perspectives on the Presence and Meaning of Parental Television Mediation", Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 45(2), pp.201~220 (2001)
- Newson, E, "Video Violence and the Protection of Children in Electronic Children: How Children are Responding to the Information Revolution" (1996), National Children’s Bureau
- NPD Reports Annual 2001 U.S. Interactive Entertainment Sales Shatter Industry Record, "NPD Group, Inc.", ~ (2002)
- Peter D. Hart Research Associate, Inc., "Children", parents: Television in the Home, pp.www.appcpenn.org, mediainhome[DOI]
- Porterfield,D, "Columbine’s legacy", FamilyPC, 8(8), pp.26~ (2001)
- Robinson, T. N, "Effects of Reducing Children’s Television and Video Game Use on Aggressive Behavior", Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 155, pp.17~23 (2001)
- Schutte, N. A, "Effects of Playing Videogames on Children’s Aggressive and Other Behaviors", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18(5), pp.454~460 (1988)
- Scott,D, "The Effects of Video Games on Feelings of Aggression", The Journal of Psychology, 129(2), pp.121~132 (1995)
- Silvern, S. B, "The Effects of Video Game Play on Young Children’s Aggression, Fantasy, and Prosocial Behavior", Journal of Applied Development Psychology, 8, pp.453~462 (1987)
- Skoien, P, "Video Games: Parental Beliefs and Practices", http:, www.aifs.org.au, pp.institute, afrcpapers[DOI]
- Sneed, C, "The Beliefs Adults and Children Hold about Television and Video Games", The Journal of Psychology, 126(3), pp.273~284 (1992)
- Song, E. H, "How Violent Video Games May Violate Children’s Health", Contemporary Pediatrics, 18(5), pp.102~ (2001)
- Valerio, M, "The Use of Television in 2- to 8 –Year Old Children and the Attitude of Parents about Such Use", Achieves of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 151(1), pp.22~27 (1997)
- van der Voort, T. H. A, "Determinants of Parental Guidance of Children’s Television Viewing: A Dutch Replication Study", Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 36(1), pp.61~74 (1992)
- Walsh, D, "Interactive Violence and Children: Hearing Before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee on the Impact of Interactive Violence on Children", http:, www.mediaandthefamily. org, pp.press, senateviolence-full.shtml[DOI]
- Walsh, D., "A Validity Test of Movie, Television, and Video-Game Ratings", Pediatrics, 107(6), pp.1302~1308 (2001)
- Winkel, M, "Personality Factors, Subjects Gender, and the Effects of Aggressive Video Games on Aggression in Adolescents", Journal of Research in Personality, 21, pp.211~223 (1987)