유적지 출토 청동용기에서 확인되는 주조와 단조 기술: 경주 망덕사지 출토 청동용 기를 중심으로
Casting and Forging techniques Found in Bronze vessels Excavated from Mangduksa Temple Site in Gyeongju
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초록
경주 망덕사지에서 출토된 청동용기 7점의 미세조직 관찰, 성분 분석 및 미소 경도 측정을 통해 제작기술과 기계적 특성간의 상관관계를 확인하고자 했다. 출토 청동용기 중 3점은 주조 기법으로 제작했으며 4점은 열간 단조 후 담금질로 마무리했다. 주조 기법으로 제작한 청동용기 는 Sn의 함량이 약 11∼14 wt%였으며, 단조 기법으로 제작한 청동완은 Sn이 약 21∼23 wt% 검출되었다. 주조 기법으로 제작한 청동용기 중 정병과 발은 Cu-Sn-Pb 3원계 합금이었으며 청동완 5점은 모두 Cu-Sn의 2원계 합금 소재를 이용하여 제작했다. 이를 통해 Sn의 함량에 따라 제작기술을 다르게 적용한 것을 알 수 있다. Sn의 함량이 20 wt% 내외인 청동완 4점은 취성이 강한 δ상의 생성을 억제하기 위해 열간 단조 후 520℃ 이상에서 가열한 후 담금질하였다. 청동용기 7점의 비금속개재물은 Cu-S과 Cu-Fe-S-Se의 계열로 구분되어 생 산에 사용된 구리 광석이 서로 다름을 알 수 있다. 주조 기법으로 제작된 청동용기는 단조 기법으로 제작된 용기보다 미소 경도값이 낮아 Sn의 함량과 가공 및 처리에 따라 경도 값이 변화됨을 확인하였다.
Abstract
Metallographic analysis of microstructure, chemical composition and hardness was carried out on 7 bronze vessels from Mangduksa temple site in Gyeongju. Result show that the technology of bronze vessels divided into casting and forging followed by quenching. Tin contents of casting bronzes were around 11∼14 wt%, forging bronzes were about 21∼23 wt% tin. Kundika and dish of casting bronzes were Cu-Sn-Pb alloys and 5 bowl samples were produced using Cu-Sn binary alloy materials. These show that the manufacturing technology was applied different depends on the Sn contents. Also 4 bowls of approximately 20 wt% tin were manufactured by forging and quenching at above 520℃ avoid formation of the brittle δ phase. The non-metallic inclusions in the 7 bronze samples are divided into Cu-S and Cu-Fe-S-Se systems, indicating that the copper ore used the production is different. It was confirmed that casting bronze vessels had lower micro-hardness values than forging samples, and that hardness values changed depending on Sn content and processing.
참고문헌 (14)
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