명·청대 덕화요 송자관음상 고찰

Abstract

This paper aims to explore the Dehua Songzhi Guanyin in the Ming and Ching Dynasty. Songzhi Guanyin is a so called child~giving Guanyin that was made in porcelain during the Ming and Ching dynasty from the 17th century in Dehua, Fujian. There are two presentations about the origin of icon of Dehua Songzhi Guanyin holding a baby in her arms. The one is maria origin. Because some missionaries and foreign visitors thought the Songzhi Guanyin of the Goddess of Mercy, Madonna, they asked the Dehua potters to make Songzhi Guanyin to use iconographic subjects of Madonna and sent them to European consumers. The other idea is that Indian Hariti, Chinese traditional White~robed Guanyin and the cult of Mother Yacha might have influenced the icon of Songzhi Guanyin. So the icon of Dehua Songzhi Guanyin is assumed to originate from Chinese traditional icon. To discuss that topic, I surveyed the religious texts about the origin of Songzhi Guanyin and technological backgrounds of Songzhi Guanyin production in Dehua, Fujian. And I analyzed the types and compared the facial expression of Songzhi Guanyin with contemporary paintings. I also attempted the style analysis and divided into three groups. The first style is thought to originate from the Chinese traditional white~robed Guanyin holding a baby with a hood on the rock pedestal. And the second is a decorative style. A Songzhi Guanyin with a baby holding the objects is seated on the rock chair with attendants holding some objects. The dragon and lotus were applied to the pedestal to decorate. Most of the Songzhi Guanyin in european museum could belong to the 2nd style. The third style is very similar to the style of Madonna with a child. The Songzhi Guanyin looks like Madonna standing on the head of monster pedestal. They were made by order from Europe during the 18th and the 19th century. Finally I concluded that the iconographic representation of Songzhi Guanyin originated from Chinese white~robed Guanyin. And after some variants attempted by Dehua potters,they were exported to Europe. Also Madonna style was made by order from Europe and exported to europe during the Ching dynasty.